Chapter 9 Notes

Clever Hans

A horse that was believed to perform arithmetic by responding to human cues rather than understanding concepts.

Wilhelm von Osten

Owner of Clever Hans, a retired teacher who trained the horse.

Unintentional Conditioning

Phenomenon demonstrated by Oskar Pfungst, where Clever Hans responded to subtle human cues.

Objective Psychology

A movement in psychology that focuses on observable behaviors rather than introspection or consciousness.

Positivism

Philosophy founded by Auguste Comte emphasizing observable facts and rejecting subjective introspection.

Jacques Loeb

Psychologist known for proposing tropism and studying involuntary animal responses to stimuli.

Tropism

Involuntary movements in response to stimuli, proposed by Jacques Loeb.

Law of Effect

Thorndike's principle stating behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened.

Law of Exercise

Thorndike's principle that repeated behaviors enhance associations.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process discovered by Ivan Pavlov where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that now triggers a response after conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

A Russian physiologist known for his research on classical conditioning and conditioned reflexes.

Associated Reflexes

Concept expanded by Vladimir Bekhterev focusing on muscular reflexes and associative learning.

Behaviorism

Psychological approach that emphasizes observable behavior and learning, founded by John B. Watson.