[CRS 101] CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - TRANSES

Pulmonary Circulation

IDENTIFICATION

Functions of Heart

Where right side of the heart pumps blood

Carries blood → lungs

Returns the blood to the left side of the heart

CO2 diffuses from the blood into the lungs; O2 diffuses from the lungs into the blood

Systemic Circulation

IDENTIFICATION

Functions of Heart

Where left side of the heart pumps blood

Delivers O2 and nutrients → all remaining tissues in the body

From those tissues, CO2 and other waste products are carried back to the right side of the heart

Recall Time!

INFORMATION

Functions of Heart

1. Generating Blood Pressure

- Contractions of the heart generate blood pressure

- Responsible for moving blood through the vessels

2. Routing Blood

- The heart separates the pulmonary and systemic circulations

- It ensures that the blood flowing to the tissues has adequate levels of O2

3. Ensuring One-Way Blood Flow

- The valves of the heart ensure a one way-flow through the heart and blood vessels

4. Regulating Blood Supply

- The rate and force of heart contractions change to meet the metabolic needs of the tissues

- Varies depending on such conditions: Rest, exercise, and changes in body position

Mediastinum

IDENTIFICATION

Location of Heart

Midline partition of the thoracic cavity that also contains the trochlea, esophagus, thymus, and associated structures

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

IDENTIFICATION

Clinical Impact

An emergency procedure that maintains blood flow in the body if a person’s heart stops

at least 100 compressions per minute

IDENTIFICATION

Clinical Impact

Rate in doing the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Pericardium

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Double-layered, closed sac that surrounds the heart

Consists of two layers:

Fibrous __________ and Serous __________

Fibrous Pericardium

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Identify the type of Pericardium:

Tough, fibrous connective tissue layer

Prevents overdistension of the heart and anchors it within the mediastinum

Superiorly: It is continuous with the connective tissue coverings of the great vessels such as the aorta

Inferiorly: It is attached to the surface of the diaphragm

Serous Pericardium

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Identify the type of Pericardium:

Layer of simple squamous tissue that is further divided into two parts:

1. Parietal pericardium

2. Visceral pericardium

Parietal Pericardium

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Identify the type of Serous Pericardium:

Part lining the fibrous pericardium

Visceral Pericardium

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Also known as the epicardium

Part covering the heart surface

True

TRUE OR FALSE?

Anatomy

The parietal and visceral portions of the serious pericardium are continuous with each other where the great vessels enter or leave the heart

Pericardial Cavity

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Space between the visceral and parietal pericardia

Has the ability to increase in volume to hold a significant volume of pericardial fluid, such as with certain illnesses

Pericardial Fluid

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Thin layer of serous fluid that is filled in the pericardial cavity

Helps reduce friction as the heart moves within the pericardial sac

Epicardium, Myocardium, and Endocardium

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

What are the 3 layers of tissue in the heart wall?

Epicardium

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Identify the layer of tissue based on the description:

Also known as visceral pericardium

Superficial layer of the heart wall

Thin serous membrane that constitutes the smooth, outer surface of the heart

part of the heart, part of the pericardium

FILL IN THE BLANKS

Anatomy

The serous pericardium is called the epicardium when considered a ____ __ ___ _____ and the visceral pericardium when considered a ____ __ ___ __________.

Myocardium

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Identify the layer of tissue based on the description:

Thick, middle layer of the heart

Composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the heart’s ability to contract

Endocardium

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Identify the layer of tissue based on the description:

Deep layer to the myocardium

Consists of simple squamous epithelium over a layer of connective tissue

Forms the smooth, inner surface of the heart chambers, which allows blood to move easily through the heart

Covers the surfaces of the heart valves

Pectinate Muscles

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Muscular ridges located in the interior of both auricles as well as a part of the right atrial wall

CLUE: Involves Atrium

Crista Terminalis

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Ridge that separates the larger, smooth portions of the atrial wall from the pectinate muscles of the right atrium

CLUE: Separate

Trabeculae Carneae

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Larger muscular ridges and columns of the Interior walls of the ventricles

Helps with forceful ejection of blood from the ventricles

CLUE: Involves Ventricle

four; atria; ventricles

FILL IN THE BLANKS

Anatomy

The heart consists of ____ chambers:

Two ____, Two __________

Atria

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Thin-walled

Form the superior and posterior parts of the heart

Ventricles

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Thick-walled

Form the anterior and inferior parts of the heart

Auricles

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Flaplike extensions of the atria that can be seen anteriorly between each atrium and ventricle

The entire atrium used to be called the auricle (and some medical personnel still refer to it as such)

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava and Pulmonary Veins

ENUMERATION

Anatomy

Blood enters the atria of the heart through several large veins. What do you call these several large veins?

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Carry blood from the body to the right atrium

In addition, the smaller coronary sinus carries blood from the walls of the heart to the right atrium

Pulmonary Veins

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Four of these veins carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Pulmonary Trunk and Aorta

ENUMERATION

Anatomy

Blood leaves the ventricle of the heart through two arteries. What do you call these two arteries?

Pulmonary Trunk

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Aorta

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Carries blood from the left ventricle to the body

Coronary Circulation

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Consists of blood vessels that carry blood to and from the tissues of the heart wall

The major vessels in this circulation lie in several sulci (grooves) on the surface of the heart

Coronary Sulcus

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Large groove

Runs obliquely around the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles

Anterior Interventricular Sulcus and Posterior Interventricular Sulcus

ENUMERATION

Anatomy

Two more grooves extend inferiorly from the coronary sulcus, indicating the division between the right and left ventricles. What do you call these two grooves?

Anterior Interventricular Artery; Left Marginal Artery; Circumflex Artery

FILL IN THE BLANKS

Anatomy

The left coronary artery has three major branches:

1st: ?

2nd: ?

3rd: ?

Anterior Interventricular Artery

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

The left coronary artery has three major branches:

Extends inferiorly in the anterior interventricular sulcus

Supplies blood to most of the anterior part of the heart

Left Marginal Artery

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

The left coronary artery has three major branches:

Supplies blood to the lateral wall of the left ventricle

Circumflex Artery

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

The left coronary artery has three major branches:

Extends around to the posterior side of the heart in the coronary suclus

Branches of the circumflex artery supply blood to much of the posterior wall of the heart

Right Marginal Artery; Posterior Interventricular Artery

FILL IN THE BLANKS

Anatomy

The right coronary artery has two major branches:

1st: ?

2nd: ?

Right Marginal Artery

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

The right coronary artery has two major branches:

Supply blood to the lateral wall of the right ventricle

Posterior Interventricular Artery

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

The right coronary artery has two major branches:

Lies in the posterior interventricular sulcus

Supplies blood to the posterior and inferior part of the heart

Anastomoses

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Direct connections between arteries

May form either between branches of a given artery or or different arteries

As a result of these connections among the coronary arteries, if one artery becomes blocked, the areas primarily supplied by that artery may still receive some bloodthrough other arterial branches and _________

Great Cardiac Vein; Small Cardiac Vein

FILL IN THE BLANKS

Anatomy

Two major veins draining the blood from the heart wall tissue:

1st: ?

2nd: ?

Great Cardiac Vein

FILL IN THE BLANKS

Anatomy

Two major veins draining the blood from the heart wall tissue:

Drains blood from the left side of the heart

Small Cardiac Vein

FILL IN THE BLANKS

Anatomy

Two major veins draining the blood from the heart wall tissue:

Drains the right margin of the heart

Coronary Sinus

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Large venous cavity that empties the posterior part of the coronary sulcus

It will further empty again into the right atrium

True

TRUE OR FALSE?

Anatomy

Blood flow is not continuous: It varies with the heart’s contraction and relaxation.

Systole

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

The heart muscle contracts.

Blood vessels in the heart wall are compressed.

Blood flow through coronary vessels is reduced.

Diastole

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

The heart muscle relaxes.

Blood vessels in the heart wall are no longer compressed.

Blood flow through coronary vessels resumes.

Right Atrium

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Right and Left Atria

What atrium has 3 major openings? (Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus)

Superior Vena Cava and Inferior Vena Cava

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Right Atrium

What opening receive blood from the body?

Coronary Sinus

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Right Atrium

What opening receive blood from the heart itself?

Left Atrium

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Right and Left Atria

What atrium has 4 openings from the four pulmonary veins that receive blood from the lungs?

Interatrial Septum

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Separates the right and left atria

Fossa Ovalis

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Slight, oval depression on the right side of the interatrial septum making the former location of the foramen oval

Foramen Ovale

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Opening between the right and left atria in the embryonic and fetal heart

FUNCTION: Allows blood to flow from right → left atrium and bypass the pulmonary circulation

Right and Left Ventricles

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

This is where the atria opens through atrioventricular canals

Each ventricle has one large, superiorly placed out flow route near the midline of the heart

Pulmonary Trunk; Aorta

FILL IN THE BLANKS

Anatomy

Blood flows from the...

Right ventricle into ____ ; Left ventricle into _____

Interventricular Septum

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

Separates the left and right ventricles

STRUCTURE:

Thick, muscular part toward the apex

Thin, membraneous part toward the atria

Atrioventricular Valves

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

LOCATION: Each atrioventricular canal

STRUCTURE: Cusps, or flaps

FUNCTION: Ensure blood flows from atria → ventricles, preventing blood from flowing back to the atria

Tricuspid Valve

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

AV VALVES

Atrioventricular valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Consists of three cusps

Bicuspid Valve

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

AV VALVES

Atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle

Consists of two cusps

Other term: Mitral Valve

Papillary Muscles

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

AV VALVES

Cone-shaped, muscular pillars that can be found in vesicles

Attaches to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves

Chordae Tendineae

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

AV VALVES

Thin, strong, connective tissue strings that allows the attachment of papillary muscles to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves

Semilunar Valves

IDENTIFICATION

Anatomy

What is the name of the valves positioned between each ventricle and its associated great artery, which prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles? (These valves also include the aortic and pulmonary valves)

2, 4, 6, 1, 5, 8, 7, 3

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS

Route of Blood Flow Through Heart

Arrange the following structures based on the route of blood flow through the heart:

__ Right Ventricle

__ Pulmonary Arteries

__ Bicuspid Valve

__ Superior and Inferior Venae Cavae

__ Pulmonary Veins

__ Aorta

__ Left Ventricle

__ Pulmonary Trunk

True

TRUE OR FALSE?

Route of Blood Flow Through Heart

In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale allows blood to flow between the atria. This closes at birth, separating the heart's right and left sides.

Blood Vessels

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Hollow tubes that conduct blood through the tissues of the body

Form a continuous passageway for blood flow from the heart, throught the body tissues, and back to the heart

Arteries, Capillaries, Veins

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

What are the three main types of blood vessels?

Arteries

FILL IN THE BLANKS

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

(1) Blood leaving the heart first passes through ________

Capillaries

FILL IN THE BLANKS

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

(2) Blood flows through the __________, which are the smallest blood vessels

Veins

FILL IN THE BLANKS

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

(3) Blood moves through _____ as it once agains flows into the heart

Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, Tunica Adventitia

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

What are the three relatively distinct tissue layers?

Tunica Intima

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Internal layer of a blood vessel wall

Consists of four layers: Endothelium, A basement Membrane, Lamina Propria, Internal Elastic Membrane

Lamina Propria

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

TUNICA INTIMA

Layer in the tunica media that is describes as a thin layer of connective tissue

Internal Elastic Membrane

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Fenestrated layer of elastic fibers that separates the tunica intima from the tunica media

Tunica Media

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Middle layer

Consists of smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around the blood vessel

The amount of blood flowing through a blood vessel can be regulated by contraction or relaxation of the smooth muscle

Vasoconstriction

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Results from smooth muscle contraction

Causes a decrease in blood vessel diameter, thereby decreasing blood flow through the vessel

Vasolidation

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Results from smooth muscle relaxation

Causes an increase in blood vessel diameter, thereby increasing blood flow through the vessel

External Elastic Membrane

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Separates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia

Outer border of the tunica media in some arteries

Tunica Adventitia

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

External layer

Composed of connective tissue, which varies from dense connective tissue (near the tunica media) to loose connective tissue that merges with the connective tissue surrounding the blood vessels

Arteries

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Carry blood away from the heart

Classified as elastic, muscular, and arterioles

Elastic Arteries

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Largest diameters; also called conducting arteries

First to receive blood from the heart

Results in blood pressure being relatively high

Due to the pumping action of the heart, blood pressure in these arteries fluctuates between higher systolic and lower diastolic values

When stretched, the walls of the artery recoil, preventing drastic decreases in blood pressure

Have a greater amount of elastic tissue and smaller amount of smooth muscle in their walls

Responsible for the elastic characteristics of the blood vessel wall

Collagenous Connective Tissue

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Determines the degree to which the arterial wall can stretch

Muscular Arteries

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Medium-sized and small arteries; has thick tunica media

Walls of some muscular arteries are relatively thick

“Distributing Arteries” – as smooth muscle cells allow them to partially regulate blood flow to different body regions by either constricting or dilating

Arterioles

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Smallest arteries

Transport blood from small arteries → capillaries

Capable of vasolidation and vasoconstriction

Capillaries

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Most common type of blood vessel

Its walls are thinnest of all blood vessels

Handles the exchange between the blood and interstitial spaces

Its walls consists primarily of a single layer of endothelial cells that rest on a basement membrane

Outside the basement membrane is a delicate layer of loose connective tissue that merges with the connective tissue surrounding it

Pericapillary Cells

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Scattered along the length of the capillary

Lie between the basement membrane and the endothelial cells and are fibroblast, macrophages, or undifferentiated smooth muscle cells

Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoidal

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

What are the 3 classifications of capillaries?

Continuous Capillaries

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Classifications of Capillaries:

Less permeable to large molecules than areother capillary types; they are in muscle, nervous tissue, and many other locations.

Fenestrated Capillaries

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Classifications of Capillaries:

Have numerous fenestrae

Fenestrae are areas in which the cytoplasm is absent and the plasma membrane consists a porous diaphragm that is thinner than the normal plasma embrane

In tissues where capillaries are highly permeable

Such as the intestinal villi, ciliary processes of the eyes, choroid plexuses of the central nervous system, and glomeruli of the kidneys.

Sinusoidal Capillaries

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Classifications of Capillaries:

Larger diameter than continuous and fenestrated capillaries.

Basement membrane is less prominent or absent.

Have larger fenestrae (small pores) than fenestrated capillaries; Gaps between endothelial cells may be present.

Found where large molecules need to move into the blood.

Commonly located in endocrine glands for hormone transport.

Sinusoids

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Larger-diameter, sinusoidal capillaries

Basement membrane is spare and often missing

Structure suggest that large molecules and sometimes cells can move readily across their walls between the endothelial cells

Common in the liver and bone marrow

Macrophages are closely associated with the endothelial cells of the liver sinusoids

Venous Sinuses

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Similar in structure to the sinusoidal capillaries but even larger in diameter

Found primarily in the spleen

Large gaps between the endothelial cells are present that make up their walls

Metarterioles

FILL IN THE BLANKS

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Capillaries form branching networks in tissues, receiving blood from arterioles via _____________.

Arteriovenous Anastomoses

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Specialized connections allowing blood to flow directly from arterioles to small veins without passing through capillaries.

Glomus

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Type of arteriovenous anastomosis, with arterioles that have abundant smooth muscle and are surrounded by connective tissue sheaths.

Found in areas like the soles of the feet, palms, fingers, and nail beds.

FUNCTION: Regulate body temperature by controlling blood flow in the hands and feet.

Body temperature decreases, it constricts to reduce blood flow and decrease heat loss

Body temperature increases, it dilates to allow more blood flow and increase heat loss

Veins

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

Carry blood towards the heart

Its walls are thinner compared to arteries

Its walls also contain less elastic tissue and fewer

smooth muscle cells

As the blood returns to the heart, it flows through _____ with thicker walls and greater diameters.

Venules

IDENTIFICATION

Structural Features of Blood Vessels

DEFINITION:

Smallest veins, closely resembling capillaries in structure.

STRUCTURE:

Composed of an endothelium layer resting on a delicate basement membrane.

Diameters can reach up to 50 μm.

A few isolated smooth muscle cells are found outside the endothelial cells, particularly in larger ______.

FUNCTION:

Collect blood from capillaries and transport it to small veins.

Allow some nutrient exchange through their walls.