Basic Laws of Inheritance

Chromosomes

is made up of DNA tightly coiled around the protein called histones that supports its structure.

Chromosomes

It is easily visualized during cell division, when seen they take on distinctive lenghts and shapes.

Centromere

Each chromosomes has a constriction point

Centromere

It devides the chromosomes into two section or "arms".

p arm

The short arm of chromosomes is called

q arm

the long arm of the chromosomes is labeled as the

location

The _____ of the centromere on each chromosomes gives its characteristic shape and can be used to help describe the location of specific gene.

Middle

Where is the centromere location?

Between middle and end

Where is the centromere location?

Close to end

Where is the centromere location?

At end

Where is the centromere location?

Metacentric

Where is the designation?

Submetacentric

Where is the designation?

Acrocentric

Where is the designation?

Telocentric

Where is the designation?

Done - 1

What is the Metaphase and Anaphase shape of The centromere at the middle with metacentric designation (Draw the figure to familiarize)

Done - 2

What is the Metaphase and Anaphase shape of The centromere between middle and end with submetacentric designation (Draw the figure to familiarize)

Done - 3

What is the Metaphase and Anaphase shape of The centromere close to end with Acrocentric designation (Draw the figure to familiarize)

Done - 4

What is the Metaphase and Anaphase shape of The centromere at the end with telocentric designation (Draw the figure to familiarize)

Homologous chromosome pair

it consist of one paternal and one maternal chromosome.

Homologous chromosome

one of a pair of chromosomes with the same gene sequence, loci, chromosomal length, and centromere location.

Karyotype

a human complete set of chromosomes

1,2,3

What chromosome numbers are in A?

4 5

What chromosome numbers are in B?

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

What chromosome numbers are in c?

13 14 15

What chromosome numbers are in D?

16 17 18

What chromosome numbers are in E?

19 20

What chromosome numbers are in F?

21 22

What chromosome numbers are in G?

Sister Chromatids

two parallel structure that composed the chromosomes

Genome

collectively, the total set of genes contained in a haploid set of chromosomes

Locus

a specific site along the lengths of homologous pair that contain identical genes.

Alleles

one of the two or more versions of DNA sequence at a given genomic locations.

Mendel’s Experiment

Described the unit of inheritance and how they pass from generation to generation.

Mendel’s Experiment

Conducted experiments from 1857 to 1863 on trait in 24, 034 plants.

24,034

How many plants did Mendel experimented on?

1857 to 1863

When was the duration of Mendel’s Experiments.

No Knowledge

Mendel had __ ________ of DNA, cells, or chromosomes.

Diploid

His laws of inheritance explain trait transmission in any what species?

P1

Parental generation

F1

First Filial generation

F2

Second filial generation

True-breeding

Offspring have the same traits as parents

Dominant

The observed trait

recessive

The masked trait

Monohybrid Cross

follows one trait.

Hybrids

Self-crossed plants

UNIT FACTORS IN PAIRS

Genetic characters are controlled by unit factors that exist in pairs in individual organism.

DOMINANCE/RECESSIVENESS

When two unlike unit factors responsible for a single character are present in a single individual, one unit factor is dominant to the other, which is said to be recessive.

Segregates Randomly

During the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors _________-____ so that each gamete receives one or the other with equal likelihood.

Law of Independent Assortment

This law states that the alleles for different traits are sorted into gametes independently of one another. For example, the inheritance of a gene for pea color is not dependent on the inheritance of a gene for pea shape. This leads to new combinations of traits in the offspring that were not present in the parents, as seen in Mendel's dihybrid crosses.

Law of Segregation

This is Mendel's idea that the two alleles for a trait separate, or "segregate," during the formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells). As a result, each gamete receives only one allele from the pair. This separation is random, meaning each allele has an equal chance of being passed on. This postulate accounts for the reappearance of the recessive trait in the F2 generation.

Dominance/Recessiveness

When two different alleles for a single trait are present in a pair, one allele will be dominant and its trait will be expressed, while the other will be recessive and its trait will be masked. This explains why a cross between a true-breeding tall plant and a true-breeding short plant resulted in all tall offspring in the F1 generation.

Unit Factors in Pairs

This postulate states that genetic characters are controlled by "unit factors" that exist in pairs within individual organisms. We now know these unit factors as genes and the different versions as alleles. A diploid organism inherits one factor (allele) from each parent, creating a pair.

Unit factors in Pairs
Dominance/Recessiveness
Segregation
Independent assortment

What are the 4 postulates of Mendel

Hide one expression

Experiments confirmed that hybrids ____ ____ ______ of a trait, which reappears when hybrids are self-crossed.

Elementen

Mendel speculated that each _________ was packaged in a separate gamete

Law of segregation

is Mendel's idea that elementen separate in the gametes.

Mendel's First Law- Segregation

Reflects the action of chromosomes and the genes they carry during meiosis.

Homozygous

carry same alleles (TT or tt)

Heterozygous

carry different alleles (Tt)

Genotype

organism's alleleles

Phenotype

outward expression of an allele combination

Wild Type

most common phenotype (recessive or dominant)

Mutant phenotype

variant of a genes expression that arises when the gene undergoes mutation.
Mendel were able to observed the events of meiosis.

Two copies

_____ ______ of a gene separate with the homologs that carry them when a gamete is produced.

At fertilization

gamete's combine at random

Mendels law of segregation Done

Illustrate Mendels law of Segregation

Reginald C. Punnett.

Who devised a simple visualization on how genes in gametes join if they are on different chromosomes.

Punnett square

The genotypes and phenotypes of all potential offsprings are ascertained by reading the entries.

Test Cross

Mendel devised a rather simple method to infer alleles present in parental gametes based on the observation of offspring phenotypes.

A test cross

Mendel distinguished the "uppercase letter T, uppercase T" from "uppercase T, lowercase t" tall plants with?

Rare

Single-gene disorder are?

influenced by other genes and environmental factors.

Phenotypes associated with single genes are

Families

In ________ the probability can be deduced by knowing how the affected person is related to a family member.

Cystic fibrosis

Some single-gene diseases have modes of inheritance, such as _______ ______

Mode of inheritance

are the patterns in which single-gene traits and disorders occur in families.

autosomal dominant

Huntington's disease is ______ ________, which affects both sexes and appears in every generation.

autosomal recessive

Cystic fibrosis is ______ ______ which affects both sexes and can skip generations through carrier.

Illustration DOne

Illustrate the Single gene inheritance of autosomal dominant and recessive.

True

People differ in the amount of melanin and number of melanosomes. (True or false)

surface of the back of the iris

The _____ ___ ____ ___ ___ __ ___ contributes to the intensity of eye color.

OCA2

confers eye color by controlling melanin synthesis.

HERC2

controls expression of the OCA2 gene.

Albinism

No gene // No Gene =

Blue eyes

Recessive '// Recessive =

Brown Eyes

Dominant // Recessive or Dominant // Dominant =

Blue Eyes

Brown eyes + HERC2 Recessive // Recessive =

Mode of inheritance

Rules that explain the common pattern of single-gene transmission.

-Determining gene is on an autosomes or on a sex chromosomes.

-Alleles is recessive or dominant

Passing of a trait depends on whether

-Males and females affected, with equal frequency.
-Can skip generations
-Affected individual has parents who are affected or are carriers (heterozygotes)

Complete the missing information

-Males and females affected, with equal frequency.
-Successive generations affected until no one inherits the mutation.
-Affected individual has an affected parent unless he or she has a de novo mutation

Complete the missing information

Done illustration of mode of inheritance

Illustrate the mode of inheritance

List all genotypes and phynotypes for the trait.

- Determine the genotypes of the parents

-Derive possible alleles in gametes.

-Unite ganetes in all combinations to reveal all possible genotypes.

In solving genetic problems you must?

• Considers two genes on different chromosomes.

• The inheritance of one does not influence the chance of inheriting the other.

• Two genes that are far apart on the same chromosome appear to independently assort.

o Numerous crossovers take place between

them.

Mendel's Second Law- Independent Assortment:

Illustration Done for independent assortment

Illustrate mendel’s second law of independent assortment

Illustration Done for punnet square

Illustrate Mendel’s law of independent assortment using punnet square

Product rule

The probability of simultaneous independent events equals to the product of their individual probabilities.

Product rule?

Predicts the chance of parents with known genotypes to produce an offspring of a particular genotype.

Pedigree

are symbolic representations of family relationships and the transmision of inherited traits.