B4 natural selection and genetic modification

just some stuff i need to remember

ARDI

4.4 MYA

small skull

large hands and feet

long arms

opposable thumbs

LUCY

3.2 MYA

walked upright

arched feet for walking

still small skull volume

LEAKEY

1.6 MYA

skeleton similar to modern humans

larger skull volume

STONE TOOLS PHRASE

assume stone tool is as old as rocks around it, and age of rocks around it is determined by measuring amount of element in it such as carbon. this is called carbon dating

HOW DOES DARWIN’S AND WALLACE’S THEORY INFLUENCE MODERN BIOLOGY

• changed how we classify organisms, as we understand we all evolve from common ancestor. organisms most genetically similar put together

• changed how we prescribe drugs as we know about the dangers of antibiotic resistance and bacteria evolves

• changed how we view conservation as we understand it is important to preserve genetic variety which allows species to adapt to changing environments

PENTADACTYL WING

same structure for totally different functions shows different species have evolved from a common anscestor, rather than being designed for different functions individually

5 KINGDOMS - based off appearance and characteristics

• animals

• plants

• fungi

• protists (unicellular, nucleus, cell wall)

• prokaryotes (unicellular, no nucleus, cell wall)

WHERE WAS ARCHEA PUT AND WHY

Initially in the prokaryotes as it was

• unicellular

• had no nucleus

BUT IT’S DNA WAS SIMILAR TO PLANTS AND ANIMALS!

3 DOMAINS (BAE) - based of genetic sequencing

• bacteria - unicellular, no unused sections

• archea - unicellular, unused sections

• eukarya - multicellular, unused sections

SELECTIVE BREEDING

the breeding together of organisms with certian characteristics and over many generations produce a new breed or variety

• disadvantage = may loose alleles that may be useful in the future, reducing gene pool, and huge numbers of same variation are succeptible to disease

GENETIC MODIFICATION

the intriduction of a new gene into an organisms genome. organisms genome is modified to introduce a new desireable characteristic

• disadvantage = may pass on resistant gene to wind plants, may be bad for health if consumend

• bt toxin was a gene from soil bacterium was added to crops as a natural insectaside, it only affects pests that chew crops! increases yield!

• disadvantages = insectasides still had to be used for other pests, people have concerns about health, gm crops more expensive than non gm, may transfer gm genes to wild plants, insects develop resistance

SOLUTIONS TO GROWING POPULATION

• biological control and fertilizers

• good stuff

  • increases yield

  • increases growth

  • less land used

• bad stuff

  • pollutes the environment, eutrophication