AP Psych Unit 4 Learning

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66 Terms

1

learning

the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information and behaviors

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2

types of learning

classical conditioning (learn to expect/prepare for events) operant conditioning (learn to repeat acts that bring rewards and avoid acts that bring unwanted results) cognitive learning (learn new behaviors through observation or language)

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3

learned associations feed our

habitual behaviors

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4

habituation

decrease responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

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5

associative learning

learning that certain events occur together the events may be 2 stimuli or a response and its consequence

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6

stimulus

any events/situation that evokes a response

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7

respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimuli

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8

operant behavior

behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences

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9

classical and operant conditioning work together to

learn

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10

cognitive learning

the acquisition of mental information whether by observing events, watching others and through language

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11

classical conditioning

type of learning in which we link 2+ stimuli

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12

Pavlov

explored classical conditioning He used 1st stimuli a tone comes to elicit behavior of dog drooling in anticipation of 2nd stimuli food

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13

behaviorism

the view that psychology should be 1) objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes most agree with 1 not 2

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14

John Watson

founder of behaviorism

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15

Pavlov and Watson share a

disdain mentalistic concepts such as consciousness and basic laws of learning are same for humans and animals

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16

neutral stimulus (NS)

a stimulus that elicits no response behavior

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17

unconditioned stimulus (US)

a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers an unconditioned response

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18

unconditioned response (UR)

an unlearned naturally occurring response to a US ex salvation to food

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19

conditioned response (CR)

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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20

conditioned stimulus (CS)

an originally neutral stimulus that after associated with an US triggers a CR

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acquisition

initial learning of stimulus response relation, when one links a NS and US so NS begins to trigger CR

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22

acquisition shows CC is

biologically adaptive by helping prepare for good/bad events

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23

higher-order conditioning (second-order conditioning)

a procedure where a CS and NS are paired

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24

extinction

diminishing of a CR when US is absent

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25

spontaneous recovery

reappearance of an extinction of CR

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26

generalization

similar stimuli to CS resulting in the response to occur ex similar sounding tone -> dog salivates

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27

discrimination

learned ability to distinguish between a CS and similar stimulus that do not signal a US

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discrimination, being able to recognize differences, is

adaptive

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29

Pavlov findings

many other responses to many other stimuli can be CC in organism, a way to adapt to environment show learning process can be studied objectively

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30

Watson's theories/experiments influenced by

Pavlov's findings

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31

CC technique used to improve

health and well-being, drug additions, immune system

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32

operant conditioning

type of learning in which behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcers or less likely to recur if followed by punisher

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33

operant behavior

behavior that operates on environment to produce reward/punish stimuli

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34

law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely and less likely unfavorable consequences become less likely

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35

B.F Skinner

used Thorndike's principle and developed behavior technology that revealed principles of behavior control

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36

Skinner's operant chamber explored

precise conditioning that foster efficient/enduring learning

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37

operant chamber

a chamber/skinner box containing bar/key an animal manipulates to obtain food/water reinforcement and devices to measure rates of bar pressing/key pecking

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38

reinforcement

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows depending on animal/human condition

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shaping

procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer to desired behavior

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shaping is used to shape

complex behaviors gradually and understand what nonverbal organisms can perceive

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41

driscriminative stimulus

a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

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42

positive reinforcement

increase behaviors by PRESENTING positive reinforcers any stimulus when PRESENTED after a response and strengthen the response

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negative reinforcement

increase behaviors by STOPPING/REMOVING aversive stimuli any stimuli when REMOVED after a response strengthens it

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44

positive and negative reinforcers can work together to

strengthen behavior

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45

primary reinforcers

an innately reinforcing stimulus, no learning required needs for life ex: food water

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conditioned reinforcer

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

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imediate reinforcers

offer immediate payback animals will repeat reward behavior

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48

delayed reinforcers

require the ability to delay gratification

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49

unlike animals humans respond to

delayed reinforces showing maturity and leads to increase competent ex - not using your starbucks stars to get a free drink at 150 and wait to get that free merchandise at 400

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50

reinforcement schedule

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

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51

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs leading to fast learning and extinction does too

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partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

reinforcing response but only sometimes leads to slower learning and extinction

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53

fixed-ratio schedule

every so many, reinforcement after nth behavior ex buy 10 coffee get 1 free

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54

variable-ratio schedule

unpredictable number, reinforcement after random # behavior ex winning of slot machines

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55

fixed-interval schedule

every so often, reinforced behavior after a fixed time ex Wednesday BOGO at Pizza T

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56

variable-interval schedule

unpredictable time, reinforced behavior after random time ex pop quiz

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57

response rates are higher when reinforcement is link with

number of responses ratio schedules

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58

responses rates more consistent when reinforcement is

unpredictable

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59

punishment

an event that decrease behavior that follows it

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60

punishment that is more effective on behavior

swift and severe

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61

positive punishment

give an adverse stimulus ex getting a speeding ticket

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62

negative punishment

withdraw a rewarding stimulus ex getting your phone taken away

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63

punishment is bad because

  1. temporarily suppresses bad behavior

  2. teaches discrimination among situations, where or where not to have bad behavior

  3. teaches fear thro generalization

  4. may increase aggression by showing violence can solve problems

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64

punishment tells you what NOT to do

Reinforcement tells you what TO do

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65

Skinner says

external influences shape behavior not internal thoughts/feelings use rewards to increase desirable behaviors

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66

Critics say Skinner try to control people but he argues

external consequences already aimlessly control people so why not use reinforcement, more humane than punishment, for human betterment

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