Altered tissue and cellular proliferation

Erythropoietin

Essential for the development of RBC

Apoptosis

Normal cell death

Necrosis

Abnormal cell death

When a cell is injured and reaches an irreversible point on the spectrum

inflammation correlates with?

Leakage

Examples of intracellular substances that can leak out of muscle cell are?

Creatine kinase (CK)

Myoglobin

Troponin

Creatine kinase (CK)

Found in most muscle cells including the heart

Is nonspecific can be found in any muscle

Myoglobin

Found in most muscle cells, is nonspecific

Troponin

Is only found in the heart muscle

If you have a crush injury to the legs what are the proteins that need to be tested for ?

CK and myoglobin

If you have pain in your chest, myocardial damage, what proteins would you test for?

Troponin, CK, and myoglobin

Acute ischemia

Hypoxia to tissues from sudden lack of blood supply

Ex. Arterial embolus, sickle cell crisis

Chronic ischemia

Better tolerated bc tissue can adapt

Ex. Gradual narrowing of arteries from atherosclerosis, slow developing dot (thrombus) in leg artery or coronary artery

Ischemia can lead to

Infarction which is cell death due to lack of arterial blood supply

Carbon monoxide poisoning

When CO gets into the bloodstream it binds to Hgb before O2 is able to, therefore leading to tissues getting hypoxia, leading to cell damage

S&S of CO poisoning and txt

Headache, giddiness, confusion, seizures, coma

Txt: 100% O2 or hyperbaric chamber until hgCO levels come down to normal

Uric acid

It is not too acidic, it will not affect pH

Normally we excrete uric acid in urine

Gout

Caused by a buildup of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia)

Unable to process uric acid effectively so uric acid crystals accumulate and settle in joints, causing inflammation swelling and pain

Free radicals

Separate molecular “species”, bc they don’t behave like normal atoms and molecules

How do free radicals act differently?

They are a spin off of abnormal accelerated and/or uncontrolled reactions, especially certain oxidation/reduction reactions

Generators of free radicals

Aging, environmental pollutants, certain drugs and alcohol abuse, radiation damage like too much sun, certain foods especially those high in preservatives and charred meat

One example of a free radical?

Superoxide

Problems of free radicals

It can destroy cells thru the body;

Damaging the cell membrane, attacking proteins, damaging DNA leading to altered protein synthesis and causing gene mutations and cancers, damaging mitochondria leading to alterations in metabolism

What can counteract free radicals?

Vitamin C and E

By using specialized enzymes such as superoxide dismutase

Cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a cell population

Altered cell proliferation

Includes disease processes such as cancer

Tumor

Abnormal mass of tissue

Tumor is used interchangeably with

Neoplasm

Benign tumors

Means NOT cancer

Slower growth than malignant cells

Areas of growth is well encapsulated and non metastasizing

Cells in the area of growth are fairly well differentiated and usually closely resemble the tissue they arose from

Malignant tumors

Means cancer

Very rapid growth of cells that are poorly differentiated

Can occur in a specific site and/or can metastasize

What cancer is by nature wide spread?

Leukemia

Causes of cancer

Gene mutations, aging, hits to DNA, hereditary

environmental: like drugs, alcohol, nitrates used in preservatives, pollution, UV, radiation,

Invading organisms: HPV which can cause cervical, mouth, and throat cancer, HBV & HVC which can cause hep b and c and increasing risk of liver cancer

Oncogene

Sets cancer into motion

Promotes clonal proliferation, which is a rapid increase in growth and development causing cells to overreact leading to loss of differentiation (anaplasia)

Overriding normal braking signals

Stimulating the tumor cells own blood supply (angiogenesis- development of new blood vessels), nourishment is diverted from other cells

Tumor markers

Substances in body produces by cancer cells

Ex. Blood test showing PSA (prostate specific antigen), glycoprotein found in prostate gland cells that are released into blood when cancer invades the prostate

Genetic markers

Genetic abnormalities that are found to predict odds of having certain cancers

Ex. Like translocation, Philadelphia chromosome

Leukemia

Cause by over production of leukocytes (WBC) in the bone marrow

Leukocytosis

A generic term meaning the conditions of too many WBCs in the blood; can develop in many disease processes

Leukemia

Is a diagnosis, actually a disease in itself

Staging for cancer

TNM helps diagnose how far along the cancer and it’s growth is

T in TNM stands for

Size of tumor

T0= no cancer cells

T1-T3= cancerous tumor size

N in TNM stands for

Extent of lymph nodes involvement

N0= no lymph node involvement

N1-N3= nodes involved

M in TNM stands for

Metastasis- if it has spread

M0= no metastasis

M1-M3= Mets presents increasing in severity w larger #

Atrophy

Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size

Ex. Like being immobilized

Hypertrophy

Increase in size of cells and consequently size of organ

Hyperplasia

Increase in number of cells resulting from increased rate of cell division

Metaplasia

Reversible replacement of one mature cell by another type of less differentiated mature cell, happens when cells are being subjected to chronic injury or irritation

Dysplasia

Pre-cancer

Abnormal changes in size, shape and organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation

Immobility

An alteration in mobility as a result of an acute or chronic illness