CH. 14 Respiratory system

Respiratory System

Functions by supplying the body with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.

Pulmonary Ventilation

Movement of air into and out of the lungs.

External Respiration

Movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs.

Transport of Respiratory Gases

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues.

Internal Respiration

Movement of oxygen from blood to tissue cells and of carbon dioxide from tissue cells to blood.

Aerobic Respiration

The use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide during ATP production.

Major Structures of the Respiratory System

Include the Nose, Larynx, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs.

Pharynx

Funnel-shaped tube connecting the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus.

Major External Features of the Nose

Include the root, bridge, dorsum nasi, apex, philtrum, and nostrils.

Goblet Cells

Cells in the respiratory mucosa that produce mucus to trap microorganisms.

Paranasal Sinuses

Surround the nasal cavity; lighten the skull, warm and moisten incoming air.

Olfactory Mucosa

Lines much of the nasal cavity and contains smell receptors.

Respiratory Mucosa

Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; traps microorganisms.

Epistaxis

Nosebleeds.

Alveoli

Air sacs that are the sites of gas exchange between air and blood.

Surfactant

Chemical secreted into the alveoli that reduces the attraction of water molecules.

Mediastinum

The space separating the right and left lungs.

Pleura

Double-layered serous membrane surrounding each lung.

Intrapulmonary Pressure (Ppul)

Pressure in the alveoli that rises and falls with breathing phases.

Intrapleural Pressure (Pip)

Pressure in the pleural cavity; always negative relative to intrapulmonary pressure.

Tidal Volume (TV)

500 ml of air that moves into and out of the lungs during normal breathing.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume.

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Amount of air that can be evacuated from the lungs after tidal expiration.

Residual Volume (RV)

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after strenuous expiration.

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration.

Vital Capacity (VC)

Total amount of exchangeable air.

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Sum of all lung volumes; approximately 6000 ml in males.

Anatomical Dead Space

Air in respiratory passageways that does not contribute to gas exchange.

Partial Pressure

The individual pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture.

Chemically Bound Oxygen

Oxygen that is attached to hemoglobin within erythrocytes.

Carbaminohemoglobin

Carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin.

Carbonic Anhydrase

Enzyme that converts water and carbon dioxide into carbonic acid.

Larynx

Voice box; connects the pharynx and trachea.

Thyroid Cartilage

Large cartilage of the larynx, also known as the Adam's Apple.

Cricoid Cartilage

Cartilage that sits atop and is anchored to the trachea.

Epiglottis

Flexible cartilage that covers the glottis during swallowing.

True Vocal Cords

Elastic fiber folds that produce sound when vibrated by air.

False Vocal Cords

Superior to the true vocal cords, involved in closing the glottis.

Pneumothorax

Air in the pleural cavity that can cause lung collapse.

Inflation Reflex

Reflex that inhibits inspiration initiated by stretch receptors in the lungs.

Hyperventilation

Increase in depth and rate of breathing due to elevated CO2 levels.

Atelectasis

Collapsed lung.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Long-term obstruction of airflow in the lungs.

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi leading to excess mucus production.

Emphysema

Destruction of alveoli due to long-term exposure to chemicals.

Asthma

Interruption of airflow leading to wheezing and dyspnea.

Pneumonia

Inflammation of the alveoli, leading to fluid and pathogen accumulation.

Tuberculosis

Inflammation of the lungs caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Pulmonary Edema

Fluid accumulation in the lungs.

Pulmonary Embolism

Blood clot that obstructs blood flow to a portion of the lungs.

Respiratory Centers

Clusters of neurons in the brain regulating respiration.

Inspiratory Center

Part of the medulla that initiates inspiration.

Pneumotaxic Center

Part of the pons that regulates the rhythm of breathing.

Cough Reflex

Reflex to expel materials that slip past the epiglottis.

Diaphragm

Muscle that contracts to increase thoracic cavity volume during inspiration.

Intercostal Muscles

Muscles between the ribs that assist in the breathing process.

Glottis

Opening between the vocal cords.

Respiratory Gas Exchange

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar membranes.

Pulmonary Blood Vessels

Transport blood to and from the lungs.

Pulmonary Capacity Tests

Methods for measuring lung capacities and function.

Nasal Cavity

Airway that moistens, warms, and filters inspired air.

Respiratory Anatomy

Structure of the respiratory system and its components.

Pulmonary Function Testing

Determines respiratory volumes and effectiveness of lung function.

Inspiratory Capacity

Amount of air inspired after a tidal expiration.

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Air left in the lungs after tidal expiration.

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Total volume of air the lungs can hold.

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

Mechanisms of how blood carries these gases.

Respiratory Volumes

Various measurements of air volumes in the respiratory system.

Ventilation

Process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

Breathing Rate

Frequency of breaths taken in a given period.

Depth of Breathing

Volume of air taken in with each breath.

Pneumonia Effects

Fluid inflammation in alveoli causes difficulty in breathing.

Pollutants Effect

Environmental factors that can damage the respiratory system.

Respiratory Disorders

Conditions that impair breathing and lung function.

Oxygen Affinity

How readily hemoglobin binds to oxygen.

Carbon Dioxide Levels

Indicators of respiratory function and health.

Holistic Lung Health

Comprehensive care for respiratory system well-being.

Respiratory System Functions

Gathering oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide effectively.

Inspiration Phase

Phase where the diaphragm contracts and airflow is directed into the lungs.

Expiration Phase

Phase where airflow is directed out of the lungs.