SCH3U & SCH4C – Nomenclature & Intermolecular Forces Review Guide

Ionization energy

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state.

Electron affinity

The energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a neutral atom in its gaseous state.

Which element has the highest ionization energy: Na, Mg, Cl, or K?

Cl (Chlorine has the highest ionization energy among these elements).

Hydrogen bonding

A strong intermolecular force that occurs when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a highly electronegative atom such as N, O, or F.

Types of intermolecular forces (weakest to strongest)

London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding.

Melting points of ionic vs. molecular compounds

Ionic compounds tend to have higher melting points because of the strong electrostatic forces between ions.

Polarity of K–Br vs. K–Cl bonds

K–Br is more polar than K–Cl because Br is more electronegative than Cl.

Polarity of H–Cl vs. H–Br bonds

H–Cl is more polar than H–Br because Cl is more electronegative than Br.

Boiling points of polar vs. nonpolar molecules

Polar molecules usually have higher boiling points than nonpolar molecules due to stronger intermolecular forces.

Main intermolecular force in CO₂ molecules

London dispersion forces, as CO₂ is a nonpolar molecule.

Lewis structure for CH₄

The structure shows carbon (C) bonded to four hydrogen (H) atoms (tetrahedral shape).

Is CO₂ polar or nonpolar?

CO₂ is nonpolar due to its symmetrical linear shape.

Is NH₃ polar or nonpolar?

NH₃ is polar because it has a trigonal pyramidal shape and a significant electronegativity difference.

Bond type in NaCl

Ionic bond, formed due to the transfer of electrons from sodium to chlorine.

Bond type in HF

Polar covalent bond, due to the difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and fluorine.

Bond type in CH₄

Nonpolar covalent bond, as the electronegativity difference between carbon and hydrogen is negligible.

Bond type in BeF₂

Nonpolar covalent bond, as the molecule's linear shape causes dipoles to cancel.

Only London dispersion forces

CO₂ exhibits only London dispersion forces.

Overall nonpolar molecule

CO₂ is nonpolar overall due to its symmetrical shape.

Factors determining molecular polarity

Electronegativity differences and molecular shape.

Name of MnSO₄

Manganese(II) sulfate.

Name of CaCO₃

Calcium carbonate.

Name of SO₂

Sulfur dioxide.

Name of H₂SO₄

Sulfuric acid.

Name of BeCl₂

Beryllium chloride.

Name of CBr₄

Carbon tetrabromide.

Name of (NH₄)₃P

Ammonium phosphide.

Name of FePO₄

Iron(III) phosphate.

Name of KHSO₄

Potassium hydrogen sulfate.

Name of NaH₂PO₄

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate.

Formula for potassium hypochlorite

KClO.

Formula for magnesium oxide

MgO.

Formula for dinitrogen pentoxide

N₂O₅.

Formula for copper(I) sulfate pentahydrate

Cu₂SO₄·5H₂O.

Formula for sodium perchlorate

NaClO₄.

Formula for lithium carbonate

Li₂CO₃.

Formula for copper(II) phosphate

Cu₃(PO₄)₂.

Formula for potassium hydrogen sulfite

KHSO₃.

Formula for titanium(II) bromate

TiBr₂O₃.

Formula for sulfur trioxide

SO₃.

Compound with highest boiling point: CH₄, NH₃, CO₂, or H₂?

NH₃ due to hydrogen bonding.

Molecule with the strongest dipole-dipole interaction

NH₃ exhibits the strongest dipole-dipole interactions.

Compound with a transition metal

FePO₄; transition metals are found in d-block.

Acidic compound

H₂SO₄; compounds are acids if they donate protons (H⁺) in solution.

Ionic compounds conduct electricity by

Dissociating into ions in solution, allowing them to carry electric current.

Hydrate definition and example

A hydrate is a compound that contains water molecules; for example, CuSO₄·5H₂O is copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate.

Metallic bonding explanation

Metallic bonding involves a sea of delocalized electrons around metal cations.

Compound with only nonmetals: NaCl, CO₂, MgO, or Fe₂O₃?

CO₂ contains only nonmetals.

Why do many binary ionic compounds end in '-ide'? Give examples.

Ending in '-ide' indicates a binary compound of two different elements; examples include NaCl (sodium chloride) and KBr (potassium bromide).

Nonpolar molecule likely among H₂O, CO₂, NH₃, or SO₂?

CO₂ is nonpolar overall due to its symmetrical linear shape.