Public Affairs 1000 Exam 2 Study Guide

Flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture notes on intergovernmental relations, public administration, representative bureaucracy, ethics, and corruption.

What does the Constitution establish regarding federalism?

The Constitution describes the roles and responsibilities of federal and state governments.

What are enumerated powers?

Enumerated powers are explicitly stated powers granted to the Federal government, such as coining money and regulating commerce.

What are concurrent powers?

Concurrent powers are those held by both state and federal governments, including taxing and borrowing money.

What does the 10th Amendment state regarding state powers?

The 10th Amendment reserves powers not delegated to the U.S. to the States or the people.

What does the National Supremacy Clause state?

In conflicts between Federal and State law, Federal law is supreme.

What is the Necessary and Proper Clause?

It allows the Federal government to have broad powers to enforce enumerated powers.

What is the Commerce Clause?

It gives the Federal government the power to regulate interstate commerce.

What is Dillon's Rule?

It states that local governments are creatures of the state and derive their authority from state constitutions.

Define layer cake federalism.

Layer cake federalism is characterized by clearly divided responsibilities and programs among national, state, and local governments.

Define marble cake federalism.

Marble cake federalism refers to mixed responsibilities and cooperative interactions among national, state, and local governments.

What are sanctuary cities?

Sanctuary cities limit cooperation with federal immigration authorities, representing marble cake federalism.

What is intergovernmental cooperation?

Collaboration between governments to address problems that cross jurisdictional boundaries.

What is preemption?

It occurs when higher levels of government supersede or prevent policies from lower levels.

What is the difference between floor and ceiling preemption?

Floor preemption sets minimum standards that local governments can exceed, while ceiling preemption prohibits actions altogether.

What is a street level bureaucrat?

A public employee who interacts directly with policy targets and has discretion in their decision-making.

What is representative bureaucracy?

The idea that the attitudes and values of bureaucrats should reflect the demographics of the population they serve.

What are three major steps in collective bargaining?

1. Organizing to Bargain 2. Bargaining Process 3. Administration of the Contract.

What is consequentialist ethics?

An ethical approach that judges actions based on their outcomes or consequences.

What is virtue ethics?

An ethical perspective focusing on the moral character of the individual making the decision.

What is corruption?

The unauthorized use of public office for private gain, which can take many forms.

How does the constitution enable and constrain state, local, and federal authority?

The Constitution laid out a system of federalism that described the relative roles and responsibilities of the Federal and State governments.

What are enumerated powers?

Enumerated powers state exactly what the governments are allowed to do.

What powers are explicitly allowed to the Federal government?

Coin money, regulate interstate and foreign commerce, tax imports and exports, make treaties and war, regulate the postal system, make laws necessary and proper, and promote the general welfare.

What powers are reserved for state governments?

Conduct elections, regulate intrastate commerce, protect public health, safety, and morals, maintain a militia, create public schools, and issue licenses.

What are concurrent powers?

Powers held by both state and Federal governments, including tax, borrow money, charter banks, use eminent domain, make and enforce laws, and administer a judiciary.

What are denied powers?

Powers that levels of government are not allowed to do, such as the Federal government not being able to tax state exports or change state boundaries.

What does the 10th amendment state?

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

What is the national supremacy clause?

In conflicts between Federal and State law, Federal law is supreme.

What is the necessary and proper clause?

It allows the Federal government to have a broad number of powers to enforce the enumerated powers.

What is the commerce clause?

It allows the Federal government to regulate interstate commerce and prevent protectionist measures by states.

What is the general welfare clause?

It has been interpreted to allow the federal government to create programs like Social Security, Medicaid, and Medicare.

What does the fourteenth amendment do?

It extends due process and equal protection of the law to states, increasing federal role in civil rights, voting, and criminal law.

What does the sixteenth amendment allow?

It allows the Federal government to tax income.

What is Dillon's rule?

It suggests that local governments are creatures of the state and owe their existence to state constitutions.

What is layer cake federalism?

Programs and authorities are clearly divided among the national, state, and local governments.

What is marble cake federalism?

Programs and authorities are mixed among the national, state, and local governments (cooperative federalism).

What is picket fence federalism?

Federalism operates as the transfer of funds from the federal government to state governments, and finally to local governments.

What is a sanctuary city?

Any city, state, or county that limits its cooperation with federal immigration authorities.

How did the Trump administration use picket fence federalism?

By threatening to cut significant federal funding to sanctuary cities.

Is the action of cutting funding to sanctuary cities legal?

No, federal courts have sided against the administration, stating that the federal government cannot use funding to coerce state and local governments.

Why do governments collaborate?

To address problems that transcend boundaries, achieve economies of scale, save costs, and improve service delivery.

What is preemption?

Upper levels of government supersede or prevent policy from lower levels of government.

Why do state governments have the authority to preempt?

Because of the Dillon's rule interpretation of the 10th amendment.

What is floor preemption?

Upper-level governments set standards for policy that lower levels must meet but can exceed.

What is ceiling preemption?

It limits lower government action entirely, often in response to policies lower levels disagree with ideologically.

What is the difference between preemption and regulation?

Regulation sets standards and monitors while rewarding or punishing with incentives.

What is a street level bureaucrat?

A public employee whose work is characterized by policy target interaction, bureaucratic discretion, and extensive potential impact.

What is discretion in public administration?

The ability of bureaucrats to work within guidelines to determine how policy is implemented.

What influences the levels of discretion for street level bureaucrats?

Interaction with policy targets, attitudes, values, client interactions, bureaucratic networks, case loads, and oversight mechanisms.

What is representative bureaucracy?

The idea that the attitudes, values, and opinions of bureaucrats should reflect those of the people they govern.

What is passive representation?

When the demographic makeup of the bureaucracy is similar to that of the population being served.

What is active representation?

The conscious or unconscious activation of identity and representation of values in public policy implementation.

Why is active representation controversial?

Some argue it goes against the idea of a neutral bureaucracy.

What is symbolic representation?

It refers to how the public feels about representation, rather than bureaucratic activities of representation.

What is the 30X30 pledge?

A flexible framework encouraging agencies to share challenges and successes to promote women's advancement.

What is HRM?

Human Resource Management, focusing on managing lower-level bureaucrats in public administration.

What are the elements of the HRM process?

Planning, recruitment, selection, training appraisal, managing motivation, managing turnover.

What challenges do public organizations face in HRM?

Recruitment and retirement issues, compensation concerns, red tape, and shifting benefits.

What is a union?

An organization of employees who join together to bargain with public employers for better wages, benefits, safety, and working conditions.

What is collective bargaining?

The process where labor and management representatives meet to set terms and conditions of employment.

What are the major steps in collective bargaining?

Organizing to bargain, the bargaining process, and administration of the contract.

How do state laws impact unions?

State laws can enable or constrain unions in their operations and bargaining power.

What is the Flint Water Crisis an example of?

Intergovernmental relations and the impact of federal testing standards on local water safety.

What is the significance of street level bureaucrats?

They affect the quality and equity of service delivery and influence public trust in government.

What factors determine how bureaucrats interact with clients?

Citizen-agent narratives and the ways bureaucrats classify and categorize clients.

What is the role of professional norms in bureaucratic decision making?

They provide guidance on how to appropriately use discretion in decision making.

How does case load affect bureaucratic discretion?

High caseloads may lead bureaucrats to rely on heuristics rather than careful analysis.

What are oversight mechanisms?

Methods of monitoring bureaucratic decisions, which can include citizen oversight and direct monitoring.

What is the impact of organizational culture on representation?

It influences how values and identities are activated in policy implementation.

What is the relationship between representation and policy outcomes?

More representation leads to better representation of interests, higher program effectiveness, and reduced inequality.

What is the significance of attitudes and values in street level bureaucracy?

They shape how bureaucrats interpret information and interact with policy targets.

What is the impact of bureaucratic networks on discretion?

Interactions within networks shape how bureaucrats use their discretion.

What is the importance of planning in HRM?

It is the foundation for effective human resource management and organizational success.

How do state laws enable or constrain unions?

States prohibit mandatory fees or dues to unions and workers are not forced to join.

What impact does this have on union membership?

It may lead to lower membership numbers.

What did Janus v AFSCME (2018) decide?

It affirmed the right to work for public sector workers worldwide.

What was the expected effect of Janus v AFSCME?

It was expected to reduce union membership and funding.

What are the pros of unions?

Higher wages and better work environments.

What are the cons of unions?

Union employees being paid more can cause inefficiency.

How does democracy work in relation to interest groups?

Democracy works through the organization of interest.

What is administrative ethics?

The rights and duties individuals should respect when affecting the well-being of others.

What is consequentialist ethics?

Ethical content of an action is judged by its consequences.

What is utilitarianism?

A good decision maximizes pleasure while minimizing pain.

What is deontological ethics?

Judges actions based on adherence to duty and existing principles.

What is virtue ethics?

Focuses on the moral character of the decision-maker.

What is a problem with consequentialist ethics?

Determining the consequences of an action beforehand is difficult.

What is a problem with deontological ethics?

Conflicting duties can arise and justify unethical actions.

What is a problem with virtue ethics?

Difficult to apply and justify actions based solely on virtues.

What are common problems with ethics in administration?

Goal conflict, hierarchical structures, power imbalances, and opportunities for corruption.

What is corruption?

Unauthorized use of public office for private gain.

What is bribery?

Public officials receive benefits in exchange for misuse of public goods.

What is extortion?

Public officials threaten to misuse authority to coerce benefits.

What is cronyism/nepotism?

Giving friends and family positions in government.

What is patronage?

Giving political supporters positions in government.

What are kickbacks?

Government officials award contracts at inflated costs for personal gain.

What is embezzlement?

Misuse or withholding of public funds.

What is misuse of inside information?

Using confidential information for private benefit.

What was the Supreme Court's decision on state and local corruption?

A key anti-corruption law only applies to bribes, not gratuities.

What is the difference between a bribe and a gratuity?

Bribes are given before a corrupt act; gratuities are given afterward.

What happened in the Mississippi Corruption Scandal?

Misuse of federal welfare money intended for low-income families.