CH 21 PHYSIO

AHHHH

What makes the anatomy of the stomach wall unique compared to the other parts of the digestive system?

It contains lymph vessels.

It has nerve plexuses that allow for the regulation of muscle contraction.

It has folds in its mucosa.

It has three layers of smooth muscle.

It has three layers of smooth muscle.

The four processes of the digestive system include digestion, absorption, secretion, and __________.

Motility

Reabsorption

Taste

Identification

Motility

What is the "migrating motor complex"?

Alternating patterns of electrical activity that stimulate the longitudinal and then the circular layer of smooth muscle throughout the GI tract

A pattern of slow contractions sweeping along the GI tract

A shift of smooth muscle cells from the circular to the oblique layer in the stomach

Movement, or migration, of food from the mouth into the stomach

A pattern of slow contractions sweeping along the GI tract

Anticipating that one is about to eat can trigger the __________ phase of digestion.

deglutition

emesis

cephalic

intestinal

cephalic

Blood from the intestines flows directly to the __________.

venous circulation for return to the heart

liver for filtering

kidneys for filtering

heart chambers for systemic recirculation

liver for filtering

Which is the best example of a short reflex?

Cephalic phase insulin release (CPIR), which occurs when the taste of sweet foods stimulates release of insulin from beta cells in the pancreas

Ghrelin, which is released by the stomach and causes feelings of hunger

Cholecystokinin, which is released by the duodenum and stimulates contraction of the gall bladder and feelings of satiety

The gastrocolic reflex, which occurs when stretch in the stomach increases motility in the large intestine

The gastrocolic reflex, which occurs when stretch in the stomach increases motility in the large intestine

A patient is given a parasympathetic antagonist during surgery. Which would you expect?

Decreased saliva

Increased saliva

No change in saliva, because saliva is regulated by somatic motor neurons.

Drooling

Decreased saliva

Chemical digestion of food starts in the __________.

large intestine

small intestine

stomach

mouth

mouth

In terms of chemical digestion of organic molecules, the stomach mainly digests __________.

nucleic acids

proteins

carbohydrates

fats

proteins

Which is NOT a similarity between parietal cells and chief cells?

Both regulate gastric acid secretion.

Both are located in gastric mucosa.

Both are stimulated by acetylcholine.

Both are needed for digestion of proteins.

Both regulate gastric acid secretion.

Transcytosis is how __________ are absorbed.

cholesterol molecules

fatty acids

peptides

carbohydrates

peptides

A patient took high doses of antibiotics to help fight a bacterial infection. However, this treatment also killed helpful bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Which of the following would you expect?

Decreased digestion of monosaccharide carbohydrates and decreased vitamin absorption

Decreased digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine

Decreased digestion and absorption of all nutrients in the small intestine

Decreased digestion of complex carbohydrates and decreased vitamin K, leading to clotting problems

Decreased digestion of complex carbohydrates and decreased vitamin K, leading to clotting problem

Which structures do triglycerides, cholesterol, and proteins form inside enterocytes that allow them to be carried in lacteals?

Bolus

Micelles

Chylomicrons

Emulsions

Chylomicrons

What must be present in the intestinal lumen to activate pancreatic zymogens?

Acidic pH

Secretin

Fats and proteins

Trypsin

Trypsin

Which of the following is NOT a similarity between diarrhea and vomiting?

Both use reverse peristalsis to remove gastrointestinal contents.

Both can help the gastrointestinal tract get rid of toxic substances such as pathogens.

Both can lead to dehydration.

Both can cause fluid and electrolyte imbalances.

Both use reverse peristalsis to remove gastrointestinal contents.

The ________ is a significant site of absorption of water and electrolytes, but NOT of nutrients.

mouth

small intestine

large intestine

stomach

None of the answers are correct.

large intestine

Secretion refers to the

progressive dehydration of indigestible residue.

absorption of nutrients in the gut.

input of food into the digestive tract.

release of substances into the lumen of the gut.

breakdown of food into particles small enough to cross epithelial cells.

release of substances into the lumen of the gut.

Match each product with the cell or region that secretes or contains it.

A. enzymes
B. HCl
C. HCO₃ ^-
D. mucus
E. more than one of these


goblet cells

enzymes

HCl

HCO3 -

mucus

more than one of these

mucus

Match the hormone with the correct statement.

A. gastrin
B. cholecystokinin
C. secretin
D. motilin
E. gastric inhibitory peptide


stimulates insulin release

gastrin

cholecystokinin

secretin

motilin

gastric inhibitory peptide

gastric inhibitory peptide

Saliva secretion is primarily a result of

decreased parasympathetic stimulation.

increased sympathetic stimulation.

increased parasympathetic stimulation.

increased somatic motor stimulation.

decreased somatic motor stimulation.

increased parasympathetic stimulation.

Bicarbonate secretion

neutralizes acid entering from the stomach into the duodenum and is secreted by apical Cl--HCO3- exchanger.

is not dependent on high levels of carbonic anhydrase to maintain bicarbonate production.

is secreted by the acinar cells.

neutralizes acid entering from the stomach into the duodenum.

is secreted by apical Cl--HCO3- exchanger.

neutralizes acid entering from the stomach into the duodenum and is secreted by apical Cl^--HCO₃^- exchanger.