AP World History Modern Unit 2

AP Course CED

Explain the causes and effects of growth of networks of exchange after 1200. (ECN)

Improved technology and prosperous empires led to the growth of exchange after 1200. For starters, as empires were more prosperous, there was more of a demand for luxury goods. Moreover, it leads to more unified systems of exchange, currency, taxation,etc. Moreover, new technological advancements such as the astrolabe, latteen sail, junk ship and dhow ship allowed for more efficient, productive and safe trade.

Explain the process of state building and decline in Eurasia over time. (GOV)

Over time, great empires like the Byzantine, Song and Abbasid Caliphate weakened and became fragmented. These weakened empires allowed for the rise of the Mongols, who were nomads in central Asia who were united under Genghis Khan. Through their ruthless conquests, adaptability (used and adapted enemy’s strengths), religious tolerance , and merit based promotion, they were able to consolidate and maintain power.

Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time. (ECN)

The expansion of the Mongol empire influenced trade and communication over time. In their vast empire, the Mongols controlled a great amount of territory, and all parts of the empire were commercially integrated. This led to a period known as Pax Mongolia where there was stability and peace. This peace and stability allowed for safe, efficient and predictable trade. They invested in infrastructure, building and maintaining roads, postal systems, and caravanserais, and provided military protection and a legal framework that supported trade. The Mongols actively encouraged cultural exchange, welcomed merchants, and implemented economic policies that generated revenue and regulated trade. Their support for technological and agricultural innovations further fostered economic prosperity, making the Silk Roads a vital artery for the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies between the East and West.

Also caravanserais and stuff

Yam system

Explain the significance of the Mongol Empire in larger patterns of continuity and change. (CDI)

The Mongol empire allowed for the connection of many regions along the Silk Roads. This connection allowed the mass spread of ideas, technology, religion, practices and cultural diffusion.

However, the Mongol Empire also brought about significant changes. The collapse of existing empires and the establishment of new political entities, such as the Mongol khanates, resulted in a major shift in power dynamics and the emergence of new imperial states. The Mongols' facilitation of technological and cultural diffusion accelerated the pace of change across Eurasia, introducing innovations like paper money, printing, and gunpowder, as well as new agricultural practices and crops. Their support for trade and commerce stimulated economic growth and integration on an unprecedented scale, transforming the Silk Roads into a more efficient and secure trading network. This economic transformation laid the groundwork for future global economic systems and highlighted the Mongols' enduring impact on both continuity and change in world history.

Ex: gunpowder, astroblade, paper money

Explain the causes of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200. (ECN)

New technological advancements allowed for the growth of networks of exchange because they allowed for safer, easier and more efficient trade. It also led to port cities such as Aden and also states based on trade such as the Sultanate of Malacca.

Explain the effects of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200. (CDI)

The growth of networks of exchange allowed for the diffusion of different cultures, ideas and innovations. It also led to the growth of certain cities and states. For starters, things like wool, species, horses, manufactured goods, slaves, etc were transported along the Indian Ocean Trade routes. Innovations like the lateen sail and the astrolabe were shared along the silk roads, and it facilitated trade and made it easier/more efficient. Also, the growth of networks of exchange also allowed for the diffusion of Islam. For instance, Islam spread to the West as a result of the Indian Ocean trade network. Moreover, the expansion of networks of exchange allowed for the growth of cities based on trade, such as Srivijaya and cities based on control of the strait of malacca.

Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes, including the Indian Ocean, promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities. The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the use of the compass, the astrolabe, and larger ship designs. The Indian Ocean trading network fostered the growth of states

Explain the role of environmental factors in the development of networks of exchange in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450. (ENV)

The predictable pattern of Monsoons allowed for trade to be planned based on these patterns, this allowed for trade to be cheaper, as well as more efficient and productive.

Explain the causes and effects of the growth of trans-Saharan trade. (TEC)

New technologies such as the caravan and the camel saddle allowed for the growth of trade amongst different regions. It also led to the creation of new wealthy empires, such as Mali in western Sudan.

Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time. (GOV)

The expansion of empires facilitated trade and communication by establishing new trade routes, improving security and stability, and integrating diverse cultures. This led to increased economic collaboration, the spread of technologies, and the exchange of ideas across different regions. For instance, Mali, in west africa, was a major source of gold trade. Led byMansa Musa

Explain the intellectual and cultural effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia from c.1200 to c. 1450. (CDI)

The various networks of exchange led to the spread of many ideas and cultures. For instance, gunpowder and paper spread from china throughout Afro-Eurasia. Moreover, religions such as Buddhism spread across East Asia, Hinduism across Southeast Asia, and Islam across the MIddle East and sub-saharan Africa and Asia. We see this in the work of Ibn Batuta and Macro Polo.

Explain the environmental effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia from c.1200 to c. 1450. (ENV)

The networks of exchange impacted the environment by facilitating the spread of agricultural products and techniques across regions. For example, the introduction of new crops such as rice to Africa and the exchange of knowledge on irrigation improved farming practices and contributed to changes in land use.

Explain the similarities and differences among the various networks of exchange in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

The various networks of exchange, such as the Silk Roads, Indian Ocean Trade, and Trans-Saharan routes, shared similarities in their facilitation of trade and cultural exchange, yet differed in their geographic reach, dominant goods traded, and the cultures they connected. Each network played a crucial role in linking civilizations, influencing economies, and transmitting ideas, such as technological advancements and religious beliefs.

Indian Ocean:

Didn't include Europe

Sea bound, soit allowed for the transportation of bulk goods, which allowed for goods to be traded for a mass market rather than just luxury goods

Ex: word from Africa traded allowed for more houses to be built

Self regulated