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Prokaryotic Cells
don’t have a nucleus so chromosomes are held in the nucleoid region, structurally simple due to lack of membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic Cells
have a nucleus where chromosomes are held, larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells
Multicellular Eukaryotes
composed of many/multiple cells; includes animals, plants, fungi, and algae
Unicellular Eukaryotes
composed of one cell
The Cell Theory
All living things are composed of one or more cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
All cells come from other, previous cells
Plasma Membrane
part of the cell that controls what enters and leaves the cell, present in all cells, barrier that surrounds cytosol
Cytosol
part of the cell where most chemical reactions that keep the cell alive occur, holds the cell’s organelles, gel-like, internal support of the cell
Chloroplast
organelle, found only in plant cells, that carries out photosynthesis
Cell walls
part of a plant cell that helps the plant cell maintain its structure by providing strength and rigidity
Nucleus
organelle, found within the cytosol, that holds chromosomes(genes/DNA)
Organelle
name for a cell part with a specific function
ATP
a cell’s moment to moment energy source
Mitochondria
organelle that is the cell’s ATP producer, has a double membrane: outer=smooth, inner=highly folded for more surface area
Ribosome
organelle that is the cell’s “protein factories” that receive instructions(mRNA) from the nucleus to synthesize protein that is needed, can be found floating in the cytosol or bound to the rough ER
Golgi Apparatus
organelle that modifies/sorts proteins and packages them into vesicles
Centriole
during cell division, this organelle ensures that both daughter cells receive the right amount of chromosomes by organizing microtubes(spindle formation) to act as highways for the chromosomes
Vacuoles
organelles used for temporary storage of water and materials in cells
Lysosomes
organelle, found only in animal cells, that digest macromolecules and recycle worn-out cell parts
Rough ER
organelle that synthesizes proteins(that will leave the cell) from the ribosomes attached to its structure
Smooth ER
organelle that detoxifies the cell and synthesizes lipids(new pieces of membrane) and hormones
All membranes…
are made of phospholipids
Nucleolus
region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA(rRNA) is synthesized so it can be combined with proteins to form the subunits of ribosomes before exiting via nuclear pores to assemble into ribosomes
Central Vacuole
organelle, found in plant cells, that stores lots of water and chemicals the plant needs
Vesicles
organelles responsible for shipping proteins around or out of the cell
Peroxisomes
organelles that breaks down toxic substances, like hydrogen peroxide, into water
The larger the surface area-to-volume ratio of a cell is…
the more efficient the cell is at moving materials(energy/waste) across its plasma membrane
Cilia
organelle, attached to the surface of a cell, that aids the cell in movement
3 Organelles that have Double Membranes
Chloroplast, Mitochondria, Nucleus
Selective Permeability
the ability of membranes to regulate the substances that enter and exit
Micelle
spherical configuration of phospholipids in water with a water free zone in the center
Liposome
spherical configuration of phospholipids in water that forms a phospholipid bilayer
Phospholipid Bilayer
two layers of phospholipids where heads face out to interact with water and tails cluster together inside to avoid water
Cholesterol in membranes…
maintains the fluidity at high and low temperatures, high temps: reduces movement + low temps: reduces tight packing of phospholipids
Peripheral Proteins in membranes…
are attached to the polar heads of the phospholipid bilayer but don't extend into hydrophobic region
Transmembrane Proteins in membranes…
span the entire phospholipid bilayer
Integral Proteins in membranes…
are proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
Simple Diffusion
diffusion of small nonpolar molecules like CO2 and O2(high→low concentration gradient)(no energy needed)
Facilitated Diffusion
diffusion of polar or charged molecules through a protein channel or carrier(high→low concentration gradient)(no energy needed)
Active Transport
diffusion against the concentration gradient by use of a protein pump(low→high concentration gradient)(energy needed)
Plasmodesmata
small holes in the cell walls between plant cells that allows for nutrients and ions to be transfered
Fluidity of Membranes
keeps the cell membrane from being rigid, makes it flexible so proteins and lipids can move along the membrane
Hypertonic Solution
A solution with more solute concentration within the cell than outside, causing water to leave the cell
Hypotonic Solution
A solution with less solute concentration within the cell than outside, causing water to enter the cell
Isotonic Solution
A solution with an equal amount of solute concentration within the cell and outside(water flows equally in and out)
Aquaporins
special channels that speed up the rate at which water can be diffused through a plasma membrane
Exocytosis
when a vesicle, filled with a substance, fuses with the membrane and releases the substance out of the cell
Endocytosis
when the cell membrane pinches, grabbing a substance outside the cell, and encloses it into a vesicle within the cell
Phagocytosis
type of endocytosis where the membrane swallows food particles or other cells
Pinocytosis
type of endocytosis where the membrane “takes a sip” of the fluid surrounding the cell
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
type of endocytosis where the membrane only pinches when a molecule outside the cell binds with a receptor on the membrane