Clinical chapter 10

What are the three primary groups of depressants?

Alcohol, Sedative-hypnotic drugs, and Opioids.

How does alcohol specifically affect the central nervous system?

It slows activity, leading to relaxation and reduced inhibitions.

What is binge drinking defined as?

Consuming 5 or more drinks during a single occasion.

What is the estimated percentage of U.S. adults who binge drink monthly?

Approximately 25%.

At what blood alcohol concentration (BAC) does intoxication begin?

0.09%.

What are the withdrawal symptoms of alcohol?

Physical symptoms include tremors and nausea; psychological symptoms include increased anxiety.

What does Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) prevalence look like among American Indians?

The highest prevalence at 7.1%.

What treatment strategy creates negative associations with alcohol consumption?

Aversion Therapy.

How do benzodiazepines compare to barbiturates?

Benzodiazepines have largely replaced barbiturates due to a better safety profile.

What are the psychological effects of opioids?

They produce significant pleasure and relaxation.

Name one psychological effect of alcohol use disorder.

Impairments in memory and attention.

What condition can severe withdrawal from alcohol lead to?

Delirium Tremens (DTs).

How does chronic use of sedative-hypnotic drugs affect cognitive function?

It can lead to cognitive impairment and dependence.

What are common opioid derivatives?

Heroin, morphine, and codeine.

What does the term 'stimulant use disorder' refer to?

A condition where regular stimulant use dominates an individual's lifestyle and health.

What percentage of alcohol use disorder prevalence do Hispanic Americans have?

5.3%.

What is a significant consequence of opioid misuse?

An increased risk of addiction and overdose deaths.

What is one major social impact of alcoholism?

It contributes to 1/3rd of all suicides, homicides, and fatal accidents in the U.S.

How do opioids affect brain receptors?

They attach to endorphin receptors, producing pleasure.

What are some treatment approaches for substance use disorders?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and integrated treatment strategies.

What is a common psychological withdrawal symptom of opioid dependence?

Severe anxiety.

What is the average rate at which alcohol is metabolized?

Approximately 25% of an ounce per hour.

How do treatment strategies for substance use disorders incorporate community support?

They involve coordination among healthcare providers and community resources.

What effect does long-term alcohol use have on cognitive functioning?

It can lead to memory deficits and slower cognitive processing.

What condition explains the risk of death at a BAC of 0.55%?

Extreme intoxication leading to possible death.

What is a significant demographic trend concerning heavy drinking?

Heavy drinking is more common in males than females at a ratio of 2:1.

What method utilizes planning and self-regulation to prevent drinking relapses?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).

What significant withdrawal symptom can opioids cause?

Muscle aches and nausea.

How does alcohol consumption impact children's long-term issues?

It can lead to low self-esteem and marital problems.

Define substance use disorders as per mental health discussions.

Involves problematic substance use leading to health and social consequences.

What is the significance of alcohol dehydrogenase deficiency in certain demographics?

Many Asians have a genetic aversion to alcohol due to this deficiency.