I cannot believe I have a favorite tarsal bone...but if you even care its the navicular
28
Total bones of the foot including the fibula and tibia
7
How many tarsal bones are there?
toes to sky
Describe dorsiflexion
tippy toes
Describe plantarflexion
dorsiflexion, plantarflexion
What 2 movements of the foot occur at the talocrural?
dorsiflexion
extension in the hand is to _______ in the foot
plantarflexion
flexion in the hand is to _______ in the foot
eversion
pronation in the hand is to _______ in the foot
inversion
supination in the hand is to _______ in the foot
tibia, fibula, talus
What are the bones of the ankle?
talus
What bone of the foot has a trochlea with 3 facets and articulates with the inferior surface of the tibia and 2 malleoli
the connection between tib/fib is unmoveable
Why is the ankle joint super stable?
dorsiflexion because the wider part (trochlea of talus) is wedged into the box
Which position of the ankle is the strongest and why?
downstairs, its plantarflexed
Are you more likely to sprain your ankle walking up or downstairs, why?
deltoid ligament, lateral ligament
The articular capsule of the ankle joint is reinforced by the
talus, navicular, calcaneous
The deltoid ligament connects the medial malleolus to the
inversion, lateral ligaments
A patient presents to the ER after an ankle sprain, which type of sprain is most common and what ligament is most likely affected?
deltoid
Which ankle joint ligament is the strongest?
anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular (anterior to posterior)
In what order do you tend to tear lateral ligaments?
lateral ligament of ankle
The anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, and posterior talofibular make up what ligament?
fibula
Which bone can fracture in an inversion sprain?
Anterior talofibular
What is the weakest part of the lateral ligament?
eversion
A patient presents to the ER for a foot injury. Xray shows an avulsion of the medial malleolus. What direction did the injury occur in?
dorsiflexors
Tendons that pass anterior to the ankle joint have what action on the ankle joint?
plantarflexion
Tendons that pass posterior to the ankle joint have what action
subtalar, talocalcaneonavicular, transverse tarsal
inversion and eversion occur at what joints in general?
subtalar joint
Inversion and eversion happen MOSTLY at the
between posterior calcaneous and talus
Where can you find the subtalar joint?
talocalcaneonavicular joint
The subtalar joint is a piece of the
transverse tarsal
Which joint helps extend inversion and eversion farther?
talonavicular (medial), calcaneocuboid (laterall)
The transverse tarsal joint is made up of the
inversion
Tendons on the medially aspect of the foot, such as tibialis anterior and posterior, act in what way on the foot?
eversion
Muscles that insert on the lateral or medial foot act in
plantar aponeruosis
Acts as a thick elastic band and includes the vertical septa
2nd toe
What is the plane of movement for the feet
abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi
Muscles of the 1st layer
1st layer (aponeurosis)
What layer of the foot helps maintain arches
flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, lumbricals, quadratus plantae
Muscles of the second layer
lumbricals
Found in the sole of the foot, arise from the tendon for the flexor digitorum longus, insert on metarsals 2-5, flex and extend toes
quadratus plantae
Which second layer of muscle has no homolog in the hand?
flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis
muscles in the 3rd layer of the foot
intrinsic (live and die in the foot)
The muscle of the 3rd layer of the foot are considered
relieve pressure
What are the function does the sesmoid bones
bring the big toe back toward the 2nd toe
Action of the adductor hallucis
interossei plantar (3), dorsal (4)
Muscles of the 4th layer of the foot
2nd toe cannot adduct
Why are there only 3 planter interossei muscles
adduct
planter interossei action
abduct
dorsal interossei
extensor digitorum brevis, extensor hallucis brevis
Muscles of the dorsum (top) of the foot
deep fibular nerve
Muscles of the dorsum of the foot are innervated by the
superficial fibular nerve
Which nerve does sensory innervation of the top foot with the exception of the dorsal skin between first 2 toes
deep fibular nerve
Which nerve does the sensory innervation for dorsal skin between first 2 toes
medial and lateral plantar nerve
Tibial nerve divides into the
1st lumbrical, abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallucis brevis
Medial plantar nerve innervates the
Lateral plantar
The “rest” of the muscles of the plantar foot (abductor digiti minimi, quadratus plantae, 2,3,4th lumbricals, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis, plantar and dorsal interossei) are innervated by
medial plantar nerve
Which nerve does more skin than muscle in the plantar foot
dorsalis pedis
The dorsum of the foot is supplied via the ___________ a branch of the anterior tibial artery
arculate artery, deep plantar artery
The dorsalis pedis artery divides into the
dorsal metatarsal artery
The arculate artery gives off the
dorsal digital artery
the dorsal metatarsal artery becomes the
deep plantar, lateral plantar
What arteries form the deep plantar arch?
medial plantar, lateral plantar
The sole of the foot is supplied by the _________ a branch from the posterior tibial artery
medial plantar
supplies the medial surface of great toe
plantar metatarsal and common digital
The deep plantar arch gives off the
shape of bones, ligaments, plantar aponeurosis, muscle tone and tendons
Factors that help us maintain foot arches
distribute weight between calcaneus and metatarsal heads
Function of arches
2 longitudinal and transverse
How many arches are there
medial and lateral
parts of the longitudinal arch
calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuniforms, medial 3 metatarsals
the medial arch consist of
medial
Which part of the longitudinal arch is “higher”
lateral
Which part of the longitudinal arch is less mobile and resitant?
talus
Keystone of medial part of longitudinal arch
calcaneus, cuboid, lateral 2 metatarsals
The lateral component of the longitudinal arch consists of
cuboid
What is the keystone of the lateral arch
metatarsal heads anterior, cuneiform and cuboid posterior
The transverse arch is made up of the
tibialis posterior/anterior, fibularis longus
The transverse arch of the foot is supported by the
plantar aponeurosis
resist depression of medial longitudinal arch on weight bearing; flexible, elastic spring board
Spring ligament (plantarcalcaneonavicular)
What is the major ligament holding up the medial longitudinal arch
talus falls, you get flat feet
What happens if the spring ligament weakens?
sustentaculum tali
What structure is under the spring ligament that helps maintain the medial longitudinal arch?
tibialis posterior
What muscle is important in holding up the medial longitudinal arch