Mrs Greene Semester One Exam Biology

What are the 6 steps to an experiment

1.Purpose

2.Background research

3.Hypothesis

4.Experiment

5.Analyze data

6. Conclusion

Accuracy

the extent to which a measurement is close to the value

Precision

the ability of a result to be repeated again and again,

Placebo effect

an effect where Sometimes telling humans what their supposed to feel makes them feel that way.

Double blind

When the scientists dont know whos in each group either.

Control group

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

independent variable

the factor in an experiment that you change what you do to your experiment group. the controlled variable. Its on the x axis.

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. its on the Y axis.

Biology

The study of life

What the characteristics of living things

1.Made up of cells (Living things must have cells)

2.reproduce

3.based on genetic code (DNA)

4.grow and develop

5.Obtain and use materials

6.respond to their environment

7.Homeostasis

8.Evolve

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Heredity

Passing of traits from parents to offspring. The passing of DNA

Metabolism

The process by which the body breaks down substances and gets energy from food

Homeostasis

the ability to maintain a stable internal environment

Evolution

change in a group over time.

spontaneous generation

Hypothesis stating that life could arise from nonliving matter. (disproved) First thought of by aristotle.

who was the Italian doctor who used controlled experiments with jars and maggots, and when did he live.

Francesco Redi (1626- 1697)

what was Francesco Redi's famous experiment

He placed meat in three jars.

Open jar: Maggots appeared on the meat because flies could enter and lay eggs.

Sealed jar: No maggots appeared because flies could not access the meat.

Gauze-covered jar: No maggots appeared on the meat inside the jar, only on the gauze where flies landed to lay eggs, proving that a "life force" in the air was not responsible.

Redi's experiment demonstrated that maggots do not spontaneously generate from meat, but rather come from fly eggs.

when did Lazzaro Spallanzani live, what was his nationality, what was his profession

1729- 1799, italian, Biologist

What was Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiment?

Used Nutrient broth. Boiling 2 flasks for longer period of time, sealing one immediately and leaving one open. Bacteria and mold only appeared in the open flask.

Who was the french microbiologist, and when did he live

Louis Pasteur, 1822-1895

What was Louis Pasteur's experiment?

He used curved neck flasks that allowed air to mix with the outside air, but prevented solid particles to enter.

he boiled the flasks, and they remained clear for a year

After he broke the necks, the broth became cloudy in a day.

Proved that the contamination was due to microbes in the air

Disproved Spont. Gen

What is pasteurization?

the application of a high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages

Biogenesis

All living things come from other living things

What's the order of organization of living things?

bioshere, ecosystem, community, Population, population, organism, Organ system, organs, tissues, Cells.

Ecology

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

habitat

Place where an organism lives

Niche

the specific role and position a species occupies in its ecosystem

Population

a group of organisms of the same species

Community

An assembly of different populations that live together in a particular area.

biotic factors

biological/living influences on organisms within an ecosystem

abiotic factors

the non-living parts of an organism's habitat that affect the living things.

Symbiosis

A relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other

Mutualism

both parties benefit from the relationship.

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

three types of parasites

1. internal parasites

2. external parasites

3. plant parasites

lichens and moss

Examples of pioneer species

ecological succession

series of gradual changes that occur in a community following a disturbance

primary succession

occurs on sites where no soil is present. begins with a pioneer species

secondary succession

occurs on sites where some organisms have survived the disturbance, and some soil is present.

annuals

any plant that completes its life cycle in a single growing season

Perennial plants

Plants that grow year after year. they have a deeper root system.

climax community

the stable fully grown state of a community at the end of ecological succession

Primary producers

autotrophs. They make their own food.

primary consumer

An organism that eats producers. They are herbivores.

Secondary consumer

carnivores that eat herbivores

tertiary consumer

a carnivore at the topmost level in a food chain that feeds on other carnivores; an animal that feeds only on secondary consumers.

Food chain

describes the sequential passage of energy. Must start with a producer, shows who eats whom.

Biomass

The total mass of all the organisms in a trophic level

Predation

the act of killing and eating another organism

Coevolution

Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other

Mimicy

When a harmless specis looks similar to a harmful one. A result of evolution.

startle coloration

When a species has a pattern on their body that makes them look threatening.

keystone species

a species that plays a major role in a community and affects many other species.

indigenous species

growing and existing naturally in a region; a native

exotic species

invasive species. A non native organism that is deliberately or accidently introduced into a new habitat.

biological magnification

process by which pollutants become more concentrated in successive trophic levels of a food web

Population Growth

increase in the number of people who inhabit a territory or state

limiting factor

factor that causes the growth of a population to decrease

density independent factors

limiting factors whose influence is not affected by population density. (fire)

density dependent factors

limiting factor that depends on population size (predators, lack of Food,)

Exponential growth

J shaped curve. each individual produces more then one offspring in their life.

carrying capacity

Maximum population size an environment can sustain.

logistic growth

Growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth

Energy Flow

The passage of energy through the components of an ecosystem. Represented in the energy pyramid.

nutrient flow

flow of inorganic nutrients.

biogeochemical cycles

recycle substances such as water, calcium, and phosphorus.

water cycle

evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation

carbon cycle

photosynthesis and respiration cycle carbon and oxygen through the environment

nitrogen cycle

The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere

what is the chief reservoir of nitrogen

the atmosphere.

is N2 usable for organisms.

No, It is not usable for organisms.

what is the process of converting n2 into a usable form called.

Nitrogen fixation.

what are the three types of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen fixing bacteria, Decomposers, denitrifying bacteria.

what is does nitrogen fixation do?

turns N2 into NO3 or NH4

phosphorus cycle

The movement of phosphorus atoms from rocks through the biosphere and hydrosphere and back to rocks.

What's phosphorus' main reservoir

rocks

Eutrophication

A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.

What do denitrifying bacteria do?

turn nitrates (NO3) into nitrogen gas (N2)

whats the full nitrogen cycle, as in whats the order of elements.

N2 to NH4 to NO2 to NO3 to N2

What's a biome?

large terrestrial regions characterized by similar climate, soil and living things.

tundra biome

extremely cold and dry biome; known for its permafrost. the ground never completly thaws.

Taiga (Boreal Forest)

cool-weather, evergreen forests in Northern areas

decidous forest

a dense canopy of mostly growing trees which lose their leaves in fall/winter

temperate forests

grasslands, occur in temperate areas of lighter precipitation. found in the center of continents.

Savanna

A tropical grassland biome with scattered individual trees. is found close to the equator. seasonal rainfall.

Chaparral Biome

called the Mediterranean forrest. hot and dry in the summer. nearly all rainfall occurs in the winter.

deserts

a barren region with little or no rainfall, usually sandy and without trees.

tropical rainforest

lush biomes with vegetation and occur along the equator. very hot and wet. rainy year round.

Macromolecules

large organic molecules that make up all living things

What are the four macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

what is the monomer and polymer term for all four macromelcues?

Carbohydrates: monosaccharide and polysaccharide

Proteins: animo acids and polypeptide chains (protein)

Nucleic acids: nucleotides, nucleic acids.

Lipids N/A

What is dehydration synthesis? (Condensation reactions)

occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

How are Polymers disassembled

by hydrolysis

What is hydrolysis?

a reaction that is the reverse of the dehydration reaction. It adds a water molecule to a polymer.

What are carbohydrates?

sugars and starches

What ratio of carbon : hydrogen : oxygen is typical of carbohydrates?

1 : 2 : 1

What do orgainsms use carbohydrates for?

as a source of short term energy. (Carbs have many carbon bonds, and breaking down those bonds realases energy.

3 examples of monosaccharides (simple sugars) (6 carbon sugars)

glucose, fructose, galactose