AP World History - Period 6 Exam

France and Vietnam

• Armed struggle for decolonization 

• Was French Indochina under French rule – after independence from France, split into Cambodia, Vietnam, & Laos – fighting between Cambodia & Vietnam even tho both communist 

• Ho Chi Minh founded Indochinese communist party, later Vietnamese communist party 

• Japanese occupation – weakened French control, but Minh’s guerilla forces had to fight both out 

• After WWII, some diplomatic negotiations between French & Vietnamese, but Vietnamese eventually fought French out

Soviet Union’s beginning

Wasn’t modernized enough to fight the total war of WWI, so communists took over in Russian Revolution of 1917 – February Revolution (in March) & October Revolution (in November) 

Stalin’s Five-Year Plans

modernized/industrialized 

• Collectivization of agriculture 

• Government completely controlled economy 

• Kulaks – wealthy peasants, enemies of the state, killed (famine) 

• Seemed to work during Great Depression (significantly decreased unemployment, industrialization allowed it to beat Nazis in WWII) 

Great Purge

aka Great Terror, 1930s - Stalin killed millions of “enemies of the state” (mass atrocity where they intentionally created a famine to starve the Kulaks in Ukraine)

Soviet Union during the Cold War

• Became world superpower, along w/ US, after WWII (replacing European nations) 

• Formed Warsaw Pact as alliance in the Cold War (Eastern Europe) 

• Cold War ended in 1991 when USSR collapsed

Collapse of USSR

• Factors in collapse of USSR: US military & technological advances, failed invasion of Afghanistan, public discontent & economic weakness in communist countries 

• Collapsed in 1991, end of Cold War 

• Gorbachev’s reforms - Perestroika (restructuring of economics) & Glasnost (openness – democratic elections) - reforms fail 

• Communist countries peacefully transition to capitalism 

• Collapsed after failed coup to restore old order – 15 new states emerged 

Nuclear Arms Race

• US & USSR raced to build nuclear weapons 

• US invented atomic bomb in 1945 

• USSR responded by inventing their own atomic bomb in 1949 

• US responded by inventing hydrogen bomb in 1951 

• USSR responded by inventing their own hydrogen bomb in 1953 

• Total of ~12 thousand nuclear weapons between them 

• Kept the Cold War from escalating into armed conflict (neither would survive) 

• Led to Cuban Missile Crisis & creation of Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act – countries w/ nuclear weapons must limit spread of nuclear weapons to other countries 

• Led to Proxy Wars 

• Led to SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (negotiations between US & USSR to stop making nuclear weapons) 

Japan Before 1950

• Growth b/c Meiji restoration (industrialization) is working 

• So, able to be a major player in WWII 

• Between world wars, got some German territory in China & expanded, creating colonies 

• In the 1920s, Japan seemed like it was going to be democratic (had universal male suffrage, more education, feminists & labor unions allowed), but Great Depression hit Japan hard (much less demand for silk = millions now in poverty, doubt democracy can fix it) 

• In 1930s, expanded empire through military conquest to gain natural resources - Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (Korea, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Manchuria, Manchukuo in China, etc.) 

• Fascist regime rose to power, allied w/ Germany & Italy in WWII 

China After Mao

• Wasn’t doing well economically due to communism 

• Deng Xiaoping essentially changed economics back to free-market capitalism while keeping communist gov to put China back in world stage 

• Broke up large farms & returned to small-scale agriculture 

• State enterprises no longer as controlled by the government – control own prices & outputs 

• Foreign investment allowed on some sections of Chinese coast (Coca-Cola) 

• Changed Chinese culture (more influenced by Western consumerism) 

• Benefitted communists (still didn’t give much freedom) – Tiananmen Square protest shows this 

• Still a one-party dictatorship 

Positives & Negatives of Deng Xiaoping’s reforms

• Positives: better diet (no more famines to pay for machinery), more exports so better economy 

• Negatives: more pollution, overcrowding in urban areas, poverty, more inequality (usual effects of industrialization) 

Global Economic Interactions

• Barbie – opposed Muslim values, so Iran came out with Sara & Dara, and later Fulla – manufactured in same factories in East Asia even tho rival dolls (shows global trade link) 

• Economic liberalization

• Trans-national corporations

• Regional trade agreements

• Changing location of industrial production

• Suez Canal

• U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights

• Globalized culture

• UN economic institutions

Economic liberalization

government support for free-market policies, removing government control over economy (ex. Deng Xiaoping) 

Trans-National Corporations

companies based in other countries, like McDonalds – based in US but very global 

Regional trade agreements

ex. Free trade areas where no tariffs, like TAFTA between US & Europe 

Changing location of industrial production

revolutions in information & communication technology leads to growth of knowledge economies in developed countries (ex. US & Japan) – industrial production is now mostly in Latin America & Asia (can pay workers less) 

Suez Canal

property of Egypt, produces $5 billion for them each year b/c quickest route from Asia to Europe (10% of global trade traffic goes through it) 

U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights

addresses economic rights (right to work)

Globalized culture

• food, social media, music, sports, TV shows & movies

• Western consumer culture becomes global

UN

• Goals of UN – maintain world peace & facilitate international cooperation

• Economic Development Institutions: UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), IMF (International Monetary Fund), WTO (World Trade Organization) 

Global Cold War

• Alliances: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), Warsaw Pact, Non-Aligned Movement (typically socialist but not authoritarian – showed middle path, founding members = Indonesia, India, Egypt, & Ghana – just came out of imperialism to NATO countries, so don’t want to support them, but don’t want communism either) 

• Proxy Wars – impact outcome of Cold War b/c Soviet spending weakened its economy 

• Latin America: Cuba, Guatemala, & Nicaragua, & El Salvador – US tries to keep communism away from Western hemisphere

• Africa: Egypt, Congo, & Angola (Congo & Angola really show it’s global) – US & USSR try to get newly decolonized countries on their side quickly

• Asia: Korea, Vietnam, & Afghanistan

Cuba proxy war

US had supported weak government & controlled sugar industry, Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro rose to power & turned it communist w/o influence from other communist states; land reforms, greatly increased life spans (58 to 73), nationalized US industries there; US tried to stop communism w/ Bay of Pigs coup but failed, led to Cuban Missile Crisis; Cuba became dependent on USSR, so when USSR’s economy collapsed, so did Cuba’s

Guatemala proxy war

Jacobo Arbenz nationalized land from United Fruit Company, which the US saw as communist, CIA launched a coup & overthrew Arbenz; Che Guevara (radical leftist revolutionary) became 2^nd-in-command during Cuban Revolution & helped stop Bay of Pigs invasion, tried to cause revolutions in Congo & Bolivia w/ violent guerilla tactics

Nicaragua & El Salvador proxy wars

socialist groups (Sandinistas in Nicaragua, FMLN in El Salvador) took over, US funded oppositions to them (showed US’s power while Soviets were collapsing)

Egypt proxy war

Gamal Abdel Nasser played both sides to nationalize Suez Canal & use money to build Aswan Dam across Nile River (used to provide electricity & help industrialize)

Angolan Civil War (proxy war)

rival groups (communist MPLA & anti-communist UNITA) turned on each other as soon as they achieved independence from Portugal, USSR backed MPLA, US backed UNITA, South Africa backed another group, MPLA eventually won, but 500,000 deaths, 1 million refugees, still land mines today

Congo proxy war

Patrice Lumumba wanted USSR’s help to stop part of country from seceding after Congo gained independence; General Mobutu executed a coup for personal control of Congo, changed its name (changed back after he died)

Korean proxy war

Communist North invaded anti-Communist South, US supported South & China supported North, ended in stalemate & remained much the same

Vietnam proxy war

Communist North invaded anti-Communist South, US backed South b/c feared that if communists won there, they would take over all of Asia & eventually the whole world (Domino Theory), USSR supported North; US eventually lost b/c of unpopularity of war in the US & b/c of the Soviet backing, Vietnam unified under communism 

Afghanistan proxy war

Marxist government took over but was unpopular b/c gave more rights to women, so Soviets supported the government; US funded Afghan guerrilla forces to push the Soviets out (which happened after 9 years of fighting); showed the Red Army wasn’t invincible & led to Soviet collapse, Taliban rose to power afterwards