cell structure

What’s outside the cell, and what’s it made of

Extra cellular matrix made of glycoproteins

What provides support and mobility inside the cell

Cytoskeleton

What heals maintain cell shape as well as the position of organelles

Cytoskeleton

Is the cytoskeleton dynamic or not?

Dynamic

Why is the cytoskeleton dynamic

To allow rapidly changing cell shapes

What are the three components of cytoskeleton?

Microtubules, micro filaments, and intermediate filaments

What component of the cytoskeleton is largest

Microtubules

What component of the cytoskeleton is the middle sized

Intermediate filaments

What component of the cytoskeleton is smallest

Microfilaments

What component of the cytoskeleton is made of tiny tube like structures consisting of chains of proteins

Microtubules

What component of the cytoskeleton is made of two chains of actin proteins linked together?

Microfilaments

What component of the cytoskeleton is made of tightly packed, coiled, proteins?

Intermediate filaments

What component of the cytoskeleton can radiate out of the centrosome

Microtubules

What 2 component of the cytoskeleton resists pressing forces/tension

Microtubules and Microfilaments

What are the two forms of Microtubules

Cilia and flagella

What uses snake-like motion

Flagella

What provides rowing-like motion

Cilia

What can Microtubules provide for cells?

Motility/movement

Is the motility in Microtubules active or passive

Active

What component of the cytoskeleton allows vesicles and other organelles to be transported to specific targets

Microtubules

What component of the cytoskeleton are formed of either a linear strand or a 3D network of branching proteins

Microfilaments

What motor protein is in Microfilaments that supports cell movement

Myosin

What does actin-myosin interactions allow?

Muscle contraction

What component of the cytoskeleton can be made of keratins, lamins, and neurofilaments

Intermediate filaments

What component of the cytoskeleton is the hardest to break down

Intermediate filaments

What kind of cellular structures do intermediate filaments form to hold organelles in place?

Permanent

What will occur if neurofilaments aren’t functioning properly

break down, cells won’t hold shape, and can’t pass on signals

What component of the cytoskeleton can remain after cells that made them died?

Intermediate filaments

What are the three types of cell junctions

Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

What kind of cell junction limits space, meaning some things can go through and some can’t

Tight junctions

What kind of cell junction will prevent movement of fluid across cell layers

Tight junctions

What kind of cell junction is used as an anchoring junction

Desmosomes

Are desmosomes long or short lasting

Long

what connect desmosomes into the cell

Intermediate filaments

What kind of cell junction is a point of contact between two cells allowing ions and small molecules to pass through

Gap junctions

What kind of cell junction Allows rapid intercellular communication

Gap junctions

What do cells lie within

Extracellular matrix

What is composed of material that’s been secreted by cells

Extracellular matrix

What are most ECM proteins

Glycoproteins

What’s the most common ECM glycoprotein

Collagen

What protein has good tensile strength / won’t snap easily

Collagen

What are the proteins with extensive sugar additions called

Proteoglycans

What fibres are embedded in the proteoglycan complex matrix

Collagen fibres

What can trap water within the ECM

Proteoglycans

What’s pink

junctions

What’s blue

Cytoskeleton

What’s teal

ECM

What’s teal

ECM

What’s blue

Fibronectins

What’s pink

Integrins

energy can’t be created or destroyed, only transformed.

First law of thermodynamics

Perform mechanical work, synthesise new materials, transport molecules, and maintain order

How do cells use energy

Through cellular respiration

How do cells obtain energy

ATP

What does the breaking down of glucose generate

Generate ATP via cellular respiration

What’s the main function of the mitochondria

Outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae, matrix

What are the four key structural components of mitochondria

Controls movement of substances in and out

Function: outer membrane

Contains the electron transport chain and ATP synthase

Inner membrane: function

Folded inner membrane to increase surface area

Function: cristae

Contains enzymes for the citric acid cycle

Function: matrix

Allows compartmentalisation, enables electron transport chain to create a proton gradient

Importance of double membrane

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Cellular respiration equation

Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

What are the three stages of cellular respiration

Cytosol

Glycolysis: location

Mitochondrial matrix

Citric acid cycle: location

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Oxidative phosphorylation: location

1 glucose, 2 ATP, NAD+

Input: glycolysis

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Output: glycolysis

No

Is oxygen required for glycolysis

Acetyl CoA

What is pyruvate converted to before the citric acid cycle

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, CO2

Products of citric acid cycle

CO2

Waste product: citric acid cycle

Electron transport chain, chemiosmosis

two main steps of oxidative phosphorylation

NADH and FADH2 donate electrons, which move through protein complexes, pumping protons into the intermembrane space to create a proton gradient

What happens in the electron transport chain

Oxygen

What’s the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

Water

What does oxygen form in the electron transport chain

Protons flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase, driving ATP production

what happens during chemiosmosis

ATP

Main energy carrier in cells

Breaking down and forming phosphate bonds

How does ATP store/release energy

ATP → ADP + Pi

Release of energy using ATP

ADP + Pi → ATP

Storing of energy

Active transport, muscle contraction, protein synthesis, cell division

Uses of ATP

Chloroplasts

Where does photosynthesis occur

Glucose and oxygen

Why’s produced in photosynthesis to produce ATP in cellular respiration

Light dependent reactions, and the Calvin cycle

What are the two stages of photosynthesis

Thylakoid membrane

location: light dependent reactions

Convert sunlight into ATP and NADPH

Light dependent reactions

Use ATP and NADPH to dis CO2 into glucose

Calvin cycle

Outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoid membrane

What are the three membranes in a chloroplast

Stroma

Location: Calvin cycle

Capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy

Function: photosystems

Photosystem II

What photosystem functions first

Photosystem I

What Photosystem functions second

Light energy excites electrons, which travel through the electron transport chain, splitting water into O₂, H+, and electrons.

What happens in Photosystem II

Build the proton gradient by moving protons into the thylakoid space

Function: cytochrome complex

ATP, NADPH, and O2

Light reactions: products

O2

Byproduct: light reactions

Fixation

Calvin cycle: first step