Endocrine System Review (18-22pg)

A set of flashcards summarizing key concepts of the endocrine system based on lecture notes.

Where are the receptors for lipophilic hormones located?

Inside the cell, in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

Where are the receptors for lipophobic hormones located?

On the cell surface (cell membrane).

How do lipophobic hormones produce a response in target cells?

They bind to receptors on the cell surface, activating a G-protein and triggering second messengers like cAMP.

What type of hormones act faster, lipophobic or lipophilic?

Lipophobic hormones act faster because they utilize cell surface receptors and second messengers.

What is signal transduction?

The process of passing the hormone's message from outside the cell to inside the cell.

What does amplification mean in the context of the endocrine system?

One hormone molecule can activate many second messengers, which amplify the signal.

What connects the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

Connected by blood vessels known as the hypophyseal portal system.

What connects the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary?

Connected by nerve fibers (axons).

What is a tropic hormone?

A hormone that targets another endocrine gland, causing it to release its own hormone.

What mechanism triggers hormone release from the adrenal medulla?

Neural signals, such as during the fight or flight response.

How is glucose homeostasis maintained?

Through negative feedback involving insulin and glucagon from the pancreas.

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A condition where blood sugar remains too high due to ineffective insulin.

List two hormones associated with the anterior pituitary.

Growth Hormone (GH) and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH).

What hormone is stored and released by the posterior pituitary?

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin.

What hormone does the hypothalamus release to stimulate the anterior pituitary to produce TSH?

Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH).

What happens to blood sugar when insulin is released?

Blood sugar levels lower as glucose is moved into cells.