Bones

HS 1300 Dr.McWatt UWO Objectives: Explain basics of bone development, structure, and function, use terminology to identify bony features and use them in surface palpation, describe basic features + func. of different types of joints, name/describe major components of the axial and appendicular skeletons, discuss clinical implications of exercise, aging, injury on skeletal system

What are the 3 parts of the muscular system?

Muscles, Tendons, Motor unit

What are the 4 func. of the muscular system?

1. skeletal MOVEMENT

2. maintain POSTURE + position

3. Opening/closing of ORIFICES

4. Maintaining HOMESTASIS

What are the 3 parts of the skeletal system?

Bones, Ligaments, Cartilage

What are the 5 func. of the skeletal system?

1. Support

2. Protection

3. Force translation (facilitates movement)

4. Blood cell production

5. Mineral storage

What are the 5 major components of the AXIAL skeleton?

1. Skull and Mandible

2. Hyoid bone

3. Vertebral column

4. Ribs

5. Sternum

What are the 3 major components of the APPENDICULAR skeleton?

1. Pectoral girdle

2. Pelvic girdle

3. Bones of upper and lower limbs

When do bones start developing and for how long?

They start as clusters of cells and then develop into bones

They start developing at the 6 WEEK GESTATION period and continue to develop until 20 years of age.

What happens to the bone at the before “birth” part of the timeline?

The bone starts to form a blood supply to the main shaft

As this happens, bone starts to develop in this area with helps it grow

What happens during the “birth” phase of the timeline (second ossification center)?

Main part of the bone is growing as well as the secondary site of the bone

Epiphyseal plates

A separation between the main part and secondary part of the bone

Literally means “Outside of growth” : Growth outside of the original bone

These close and create epiphyseal lines

What cells are responsible for bone production?

Osteoblasts

Which cells are responsible for bone absorption?

Osteoclasts

What has more bone production/absorption throughout life:

1. birth

2. adolescence

3. middle age and old age

1. more osteoblasts than osteoclasts

2. same amount of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

3. more osteoclasts than osteoblasts

Impact of aging on bones

• loss of bone mass (decrease in calcium)

• Increased brittleness (decrease in collagen synthesis)

True or false: Women have higher rate of osteoporosis

True

What is osteoporosis?

Opening of many pores in the bone tissue

Osteoclasts are upregulating (over absorption)

What can promote bone growth and reduce bone loss?

Physical activity; mechanical stress

What are the two types of fractures? Describe them

Simple fracture: Just bone

Compound fracture: Bone pierces into skin

What type of fracture is this?

Greenstick fracture

Prone in young children

What type of fracture is this?

Epiphyseal fracture

more common in younger age

What type of fracture is this?

Spiral fracture

more common in younger age

What type of fracture is this?

Depressed fracture

common in middle/older age

What type of fracture is this?

Compression fracture

common in middle/older age

What type of fracture is this?

Comminuted fracture

Common in older age

Name the type of bone

Long bones

ex. femur

Purpose: Structure and limb mobility

name the type of bone

Short bones

ex. Tarsal bones

Purpose: Support and stability

Name type of bone (this is an ex. of type of bone)

Flat bones

ex. Parietal bone

Purpose: Protection and muscle attachment

Name type of bone

Sesamoid bones

ex. patella

Purpose: Tendon protection and efficiency

Name type of bone

Irregular bones

ex. vertebrae

Purpose: Muscle attachment and protection

Name the articulation

Facet

name the articulation

Condyle

name type of articulation

Fossa

Name type of articulation

Head

name attachment

Process: an outgrowth or projection

name attachment

Left: Epicondyle (projection above condyle)

Right: Tuberosity (rough projection)

name attachment

Top: Trochanter (Large blunt elevation)

Bottom: Line (Linear elevated ridge)

Name the pathway

Foramen (opening or hole)

name the pathway

Left: Notch (Indentation on edge of bone)

Right: Groove (Elongated depression)

name the pathway

Meatus (canal)

name the pathway

Orange: Fissure (Natural division or crevice)

Green: Sinus (Sac or cavity)

What are the 2 types of joints? Describe both

Solid joints: Very stable, don’t facilitate any movement

Synovial joints: Allow for huge amounts of movement

Name the 2 types of solid joints, describe them

Fibrous: Fixed joints (don’t allow movement)

Cartilaginous: Small amount of movement (v stable)

Does joint articulation lead to arthrosis or arthritis?

Arthrosis

Label the 3 parts of the synovial joint

Left: Articular cartilage (hyalin)

Right top: Synovial Cavity ( filled w/ synovial fluid)

Right bottom: Joint capsule (fibrous and synovial membrane)

What are the three BIAXIAL classifications of synovial joints?

Planar (top)

Saddle (left)

Condyloid (right)

What are the 2 UNIAXIAL classifications of synovial joints?

Left: Pivot

Right: Hinge

What is the 1 multiaxial classifications of synovial joints?

Ball and socket

What are the 2 parts of the skull? How many bones does the skull have?

22 bones

Neurocranium (8)

Viscerocranium (14)

Parts of the neurocranium

Function: holds the brain

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

Ethmoid

Sphenoid

(FPTOES)

Name the cranial sutures

Lamoid suture

Sagittal suture

Coronal suture

Squamoid suture

Parts of the viscerocranium

1. Maxilla (2)

2. Nasal (2)

3. Lacrimal (2)

4. Inferior nasal conchae (2)

5. Vomer

6. Zygomatic (2)

7. Mandible (1)

8. Palatine (2)

Name the 5 parts of the spinal column

Consists of 24 vertebrae

Cervical C1-C7

Thoracic T1-T12

Lumbar L1-L5

Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)

Coccyx (3-5 fused vertebrae)

General Vertebrae anatomy - label