P.E unitone

Functions of the Cardiovascular System

Transports water, oxygen, and nutrients to cells, and wastes away from them; fights disease; circulates blood; helps in thermoregulation.

Structures of the Cardiovascular System

Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood (platelets, plasma, red and white blood cells).

Left Pump of the Heart

Left Atrium and Left Ventricle. Carries oxygenated rich blood for the body.

Right Pump of the Heart

Right Atrium and Right Ventricle. Carries carbon dioxide-rich blood to the lungs.

Systole

Heart contracts, forcing blood out.

Diastole

Heart relaxes and fills with blood.

Cardiac Cycle

Movement of blood through the heart in one heartbeat; consists of systole and diastole

Three Types of Blood Cells

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Red Blood Cells

Carry oxygen to, and carbon dioxide from, the cells and muscles. Contain hemoglobin. Produced in bone marrow.

White Blood Cells

Fight diseases by digesting them. One to every 700 red blood cells

Platelets

Cause blood to clot when a blood vessel is damaged.

Plasma

90% water; carries nutrients and assists in blood clotting.

Three Types of Blood Vessels

Arteries, Veins, Capillaries.

Arteries

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Have elastic walls.

Veins

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Have more rigid walls and one-way valves.

Capillaries

The smallest blood vessels where the exchange of nutrients and waste occurs between the blood and body cells. Diameter increases with exercise.

Systemic Circulation

Oxygenated blood is transported from the heart via the left ventricle and aorta, circulated into the arteries around the body (except for the lungs), and deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the vena cava and into the right atrium.

Pulmonary Circulation

Deoxygenated blood is transported away from the heart and circulated to the lungs via the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, and oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein and into the left atrium.

Thermoregulation

Maintenance of body temperature and the heat exchange between the body and the environment.

Vasodilation

Blood vessels expand or dilate to allow increased blood flow and heat loss.

Vasoconstriction

Blood vessels reduce in size or contract to restrict blood flow and decrease heat loss.

Hyperthermia

Rise in core temperature greater than 36.5–37.5 degrees.

Hypothermia

Reduced core body temperature below 35 degrees Celsius.

Stroke Volume (SV)

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle with each beat of the heart.

Cardiac Output (Q)

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. Calculated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume (Q=SVxHR).

Pulse

The beat felt in the arteries with each contraction of the heart.

Calculating Maximum Heart Rate

Maximum heart rate = 220 – your age

Acute Responses to Exercise

Immediate, short-term responses to exercise.

Increased Heart Rate During Exercise

Increases linearly with exercise intensity.

Increased Stroke Volume During Exercise

Increases with exercise intensity to a certain point.

Increased Cardiac Output During Exercise

Increases proportionally with exercise intensity.

Blood Flow Redistribution During Exercise

Blood is directed away from organs and inactive muscles (vasoconstriction) and towards working muscles (vasodilation).

Decreased Blood Volume During Exercise

Decreases due to loss of fluid through sweat.

Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference (a-VO2 diff.)

The difference in oxygen concentration in the arterioles compared with the venuoles; increases due to increased O2 extraction.

Cardiovascular System

System that transports nutrients, oxygen, and water to cells and removes waste, fights disease and regulates body temperature.

Types of Blood Vessels

Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

Components of Blood

Platelets, plasma, red and white blood cells

Cardiac Output

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute.

Stroke Volume

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction.

Heart Rate

The number of times the heart beats per minute.

Functions of the Cardiovascular System

Circulates blood to all parts of the body, brings oxygen, water, and nutrients to cells, removes carbon dioxide and waste, maintains body temperature and hydration levels, and fights diseases.

Two pumps of the heart

Left atrium and left ventricle: oxygenated rich blood, right atrium and right ventricle: carbon dioxide-rich blood

Cardiac Cycle

Movement of blood through the heart in one heart beat; consists of systole and diastole.

Systole

Heart contracts, forcing blood out of the heart.

Diastole

Heart relaxes and fills with blood.

Blood Cells

Make up 45% of the blood volume; include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Plasma

Make up 55% of the blood volume.

Red Blood Cells

Carry oxygen to, and carbon dioxide from, the cells and muscles.

Hemoglobin

Substance within red blood cells that carries oxygen though the blood stream

White Blood Cells

Fight diseases by digesting them; exist in a ratio of one to every 700 red blood cells.

Platelets

Cause blood to clot when a blood vessel is damaged.

Plasma

Carries nutrients to the body and assists the platelets in blood clotting; 90% water.

Arteries

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.

Veins

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels where the exchange of nutrients and waste between the blood and the body cells occurs.

Systolic Blood Pressure

The highest pressure, pressure on the arteries as the left ventricle pumps.

Diastolic Blood Pressure

The lowest pressure, pressure on the arteries as the left ventricle relaxes.

Thermoregulation

Maintenance of body temperature and the heat exchange that occurs between the body and the environment.

Vasodilation

Blood vessels expand or dilate to allow increased blood flow to the skin surface for heat loss.

Vasoconstriction

Blood vessels reduce in size or contract to restrict blood flow to the skin and redirect it to the internal organs, decreasing heat loss.

Hyperthermia

Rise in core temperature greater than 36.5–37.5 degrees.

Hypothermia

Reduced core body temperature below 35 degrees Celsius.

Stroke Volume (SV)

Amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle with each beat of the heart.

Cardiac Output (Q)

Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

Factors Affecting Resting Heart Rate

Gender, eating, laughing, smoking, and body position.

Calculating Maximum Heart Rate

220 – your age

Cardiovascular Variables

Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output, Systolic blood pressure, Blood Flow, Blood volume, A-vo2 difference

A-VO2 diff

Arterioles compared with the venuoles

Leverage

Action or advantage of using a lever.

Lever

A rigid structure that rotates around a fixed point, allowing for the application of increased force and/or speed.

Lever's Class

Determined by the location of the axis, force, and resistance in relation to each other.

Axis

The joint in the body that the lever moves around.

Force

The muscles that contract to generate the force to move the lever.

Resistance

The bone of the body and whatever is being held or moved by the bone.

Third-Class Levers

Bones act as levers and work with the muscles to create movement.

Axis in a soccer kick

Knee joint (or sometimes the hip joint), acting as the pivot point.

Force in a soccer kick

Muscular force exerted by the quadriceps and hamstrings to extend the lower leg.

Resistance in a soccer kick

Weight of the lower leg and foot, as well as the ball being kicked.

Application to Equipment

Equipment like bats/hockey sticks/racquets can act as extended levers.

Longer Levers (Mechanical Advantages)

Allows for a greater range of motion, generates higher speed, and covers greater distances.

Functions of the Muscular System

Body movement, adequate posture, essential bodily functions

Body movement

Muscles that we can consciously control, attached to bones and known as voluntary muscles.

Adequate posture

Muscles are continually in a state of tone that affects their ability to help our body to maintain an upright posture when awake and to function safely during sleep

Involuntary muscles

Muscles over which we have little or no conscious control, functioning continuously and preserving our ongoing body needs whether we are awake or not.

Types of muscles

Smooth, Cardiac, Skeletal

Smooth muscle

Found in hollow organs such as the walls of the digestive tract, the bladder and the blood vessels, contractions are slow, sustained, and rhythmic.

Cardiac muscle

Found only in the heart, the muscle fibers are intertwined, involuntary muscle and it is difficult to fatigue.

Skeletal muscle

Attaches to and causes movement of the skeleton, striated, and under voluntary control.

Major skeletal muscles

Trapezius, Deltoid, Pectoralis major, Serratus anterior, Wrist flexors, Sartorius, Latissimus dorsi, Biceps brachii, Obliques, Rectus abdominis, Triceps brachii, Adductors, Gluteus maximus, Erector spinae, Semitendinosus, Biceps femoris, Semimembranosus, Gastrocnemius, Hamstrings, Rectus femoris, Vastus intermedius, Vastus lateralis, Quadriceps femoris, Soleus, Vastus medialis, Tibialis anterior

Muscle fibre arrangement

Organized by the shape (or arrangement) and function of the muscles, including fusiform, pennate, and radiate.

Fusiform muscle fibres

Fibers run in the same direction as the tendon, fast but create low force (e.g., Bicep or sartorius)

Pennate muscle fibres

Fibers run at angles to the tendon, designed for strength and power (e.g., Quadriceps)

Unipennate

Muscle fibres only branch out to one side of the tendon (e.g., Semimembranosus and tibialis anterior)

Bipennate

Fibres run off either side of the tendon (e.g., rectus femoris, gastrocnemius)

Multipennate

Fibers branch from several tendons (e.g., deltoid)

Convergent muscle fibres

Radiate from the main tendon, compromise between fusiform and pennate muscles, capable of producing strength and power while maintaining mobility (e.g., pectoralis major)

Muscle Bundle

Wrapped by epimysium, contains Fascicle wrapped by perimysium, Muscle Fibre wrapped by endomysium

Muscle fibre types

The relative proportions of these fibre types are genetically determined, but on average most muscles contain about 50% of each fibre type: fast-twitch fibres, and slow-twitch fibres

Type 1 muscle fibres (slow-twitch)

Characteristics: slow-twitch oxidative, contain large amounts of myoglobin, large numbers of mitochondria and blood capillaries, split ATP at a slow rate and have a slow contraction velocity. Suited to low-intensity, longer duration, aerobic work

Type 2b muscle fibres (fast-twitch)

Characteristics: fast-twitch glycolytic, contain a low myoglobin content, relatively few mitochondria and blood capillaries, and large amounts of glycogen, split ATP at a fast rate, and have a fast contraction velocity. Suited to high-intensity, short-duration, anaerobic work