colorless, unpleasant odor, a major part of photochemical smog
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Effects of ozone
lung irritant, damages plants, rubber, fabric, and eyes, 0.1 ppm can lower PSN by 50%,
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Sources of ozone
Created by sunlight acting on NOx and VOC, photocopiers, cars, industry, gas vapors, chemical solvents, incomplete fuel combustion products
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Class of ozone
photochemical oxidants
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Properties of VOCs
organic compounds (hydrocarbons) that evaporate easily, usually aromatic
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Effects of VOCs
eye and respiratory irritants; carcinogenic; liver, CNS, or kidney damage; damages plants; lowered visibility due to brown haze; global warming
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Sources of VOCs
vehicles (largest source), evaporation of solvents or fossil fuels, aerosols, paint thinners, dry cleaning
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Class of VOCs
HAPs (Hazardous Air Pollutants)
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Properties of lead
grayish metal
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Effects of lead
accumulates in tissue; affects kidneys, liver, and nervous system (children most susceptible); mental retardation; possible carcinogen; 20% of inner city kids have [high]
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Sources of lead
particulates, smelters, batteries
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Class of lead
toxic or heavy metals
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EPA Standard of lead
1.5 ug/m3 2 million tons enter the atmosphere/per year
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Carbon monoxide
2C + O2 → 2CO
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Carbon dioxide
C + O2 → CO2
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Nitric oxide
N2 + O2 → 2NO
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Nitrogen dioxide
2NO + O2 → 2NO2
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Sulfur dioxide
S + O2 → SO2
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Smog
A mixture between smoke and fog that produces unhealthy urban air
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Developing countries
Indoor burning of wood, charcoal, dung, crop residues, coal
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Clean Air Acts
1970, 1977, and 1990 created regulations enforced by states and cities
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NAPs
National emission standards for 188 hazardous air pollutants