Chapter 18: Air Pollution

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66 Terms

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Smog
A mixture between smoke and fog that produces unhealthy urban air.
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EPA
proposed stricter emission standards for diesel- powered vehicles.
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Air pollution
Concentrations high enough to harm human health or alter the climate.
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Stratosphere
Similar composition to the troposphere, with 2 exceptions.
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Ozone layer
Filters 95 % of harmful UV radiation and allows us and other life to exist on land.
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NAPs
National emission standards for 188 hazardous air pollutants.
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Properties of nitrogen dioxide
reddish brown gas, formed as fuel burnt in the car, potent oxidizing agent, include Nitric acid in the air.
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Effects of nitrogen dioxide
Acid rain, lung and heart problems, decreased visibility (yellow haze), suppresses plant growth.
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Properties of VOCs
organic compounds (hydrocarbons) that evaporate easily, usually aromatic.
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Properties of particulate matter
particles suspended in air (
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Human sources
mostly in industrialized and /or urban areas.
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Sources of ozone
Created by sunlight acting on NOx and VOC, photocopiers, cars, industry, gas vapors, chemical solvents, incomplete fuel combustion products.
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Stratosphere
Similar composition to the troposphere, with 2 exceptions
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Ozone layer
Filters 95% of harmful UV radiation and allows us and other life to exist on land
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Air pollution
Concentrations high enough to harm human health or alter the climate
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Secondary pollutants
From reactions of primary pollutants
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Indoor pollution
a big threat to the poor
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Nitrogen Dioxide
NO2
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Ozone
ground level O3
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Carbon monoxide
CO
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Lead
Pb
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Particulate Matter
PM10 (PM 2.5)
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Sulfur Dioxide
SO2
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Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs)
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Properties of carbon monoxide
colorless, odorless, heavier than air, 0.0036% of the atmosphere
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Effects of carbon monoxide
binds tighter to Hb than O2, mental functions, and visual acuity, even at low levels
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Class of carbon monoxide
carbon oxides (CO2, CO)
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EPA Standard of carbon monoxide
9 ppm
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Properties of nitrogen dioxide
reddish brown gas, formed as fuel burnt in the car, potent oxidizing agent, include Nitric acid in the air
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Effects of nitrogen dioxide
acid rain, lung and heart problems, decreased visibility (yellow haze), suppresses plant growth
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Sources of nitrogen dioxide
fossil fuels combustion @ higher temperatures, power plants, forest fires, volcanoes, bacteria in soil
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Class of nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
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EPA Standard of nitrogen dioxide
0.053 ppm
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Properties of sulfur dioxide
colorless gas with an irritating odor
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Effects of sulfur dioxide
produces acid rain (H2SO4), breathing difficulties, eutrophication due to sulfate formation, lichen and moss are indicators
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Sources of sulfur dioxide
burning high sulfur coal or oil, smelting or metals, paper manufacture
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Class of sulfur dioxide
sulfur oxides
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EPA Standard of sulfur dioxide
0.3 ppm (annual mean)
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Properties of particulate matter
particles suspended in air (
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Effects of particulate matter
lung damage, mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic
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Sources of particulate matter
burning coal or diesel, volcanoes, factories, unpaved roads, plowing, lint, pollen, spores, burning fields
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Class of particulate matter
dust, soot, asbestos, lead, PCBs, dioxins, pesticides
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EPA Standard of particulate matter
50 ug/m3 (annual mean)
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Properties of ozone
colorless, unpleasant odor, a major part of photochemical smog
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Effects of ozone
lung irritant, damages plants, rubber, fabric, and eyes, 0.1 ppm can lower PSN by 50%,
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Sources of ozone
Created by sunlight acting on NOx and VOC, photocopiers, cars, industry, gas vapors, chemical solvents, incomplete fuel combustion products
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Class of ozone
photochemical oxidants
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Properties of VOCs
organic compounds (hydrocarbons) that evaporate easily, usually aromatic
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Effects of VOCs
eye and respiratory irritants; carcinogenic; liver, CNS, or kidney damage; damages plants; lowered visibility due to brown haze; global warming
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Sources of VOCs
vehicles (largest source), evaporation of solvents or fossil fuels, aerosols, paint thinners, dry cleaning
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Class of VOCs
HAPs (Hazardous Air Pollutants)
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Properties of lead
grayish metal
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Effects of lead
accumulates in tissue; affects kidneys, liver, and nervous system (children most susceptible); mental retardation; possible carcinogen; 20% of inner city kids have [high]
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Sources of lead
particulates, smelters, batteries
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Class of lead
toxic or heavy metals
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EPA Standard of lead
1.5 ug/m3 2 million tons enter the atmosphere/per year
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Carbon monoxide
2C + O2 → 2CO
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Carbon dioxide
C + O2 → CO2
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Nitric oxide
N2 + O2 → 2NO
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Nitrogen dioxide
2NO + O2 → 2NO2
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Sulfur dioxide
S + O2 → SO2
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Smog
A mixture between smoke and fog that produces unhealthy urban air
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Developing countries
Indoor burning of wood, charcoal, dung, crop residues, coal
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Clean Air Acts
1970, 1977, and 1990 created regulations enforced by states and cities
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NAPs
National emission standards for 188 hazardous air pollutants
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TRI
Toxic Release Inventory