COM NAV

Are a set of regulations under which a pilot operates an aircraft in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going.

Are a set of regulations under which a pilot operates an aircraft in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going.

Visual flight rules (VFR)

Specifically, the weather must be better than basic VFR weather minima, i.e. in ______________________________________ (VMC), as specified in the rules of the relevant aviation authority.

Specifically, the weather must be better than basic VFR weather minima, i.e. in visual meteorological conditions (VMC), as specified in the rules of the relevant aviation authority.

If the weather is less than VMC, pilots are required to use ________________________________, and operation of the aircraft will primarily be through referencing the instruments rather than visual reference.

If the weather is less than VMC, pilots are required to use instrument flight rules, and operation of the aircraft will primarily be through referencing the instruments rather than visual reference.

Rules and regulations established by the FAA to govern flight under conditions in which flight by outside visual reference is not safe.
Depends upon flying by reference to instruments in the flight deck, and navigation is accomplished by reference to electronic signals.

Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)

Indicated airspeed corrected for instrument or position inaccuracies. The _____________________ can be found in the pilot operating handbook or on the airspeed indicator. Indicated

Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)

The _______________ read directly from the airspeed indicator.

Indicated Airspeed (IAS)

The actual speed of the airplane passing over the ground. ____________________ is true airspeed corrected for wind. You can find the aircraft ground speed by calculating it with a flight computer.

Groundspeed (GS)

The actual speed relative to the surrounding air. _____________________ is calibrated airspeed corrected for nonstandard pressure and temperature. You can determine the aircraft's true airspeed with a flight computer

True Airspeed (TAS)

The altitude depicted on the altimeter. ___________________ is the vertical distance above mean sea level (MSL), not above the ground.

Indicated Altitude

Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature. You can calculate _____________________ with a flight computer.

Density Altitude

The altitude shown on the altimeter when the altimeter is set to 29.92 inches of mercury or standard atmospheric pressure (standard barometric pressure)

Pressure Altitude

The vertical distance of the aircraft above the surface of the earth, or above ground level (AGL).

Absolute Altitude

The aircraft altitude above mean sea level (MSL). You can determine the _________________ with a flight computer

True Altitude

The geographic north pole is located at the Earth's northernmost point. __________________ is not the same location as magnetic north, due to the rotation of the earth in relation to the earth's magnetic field.

True North

The northern location where the Earth's magnetic force has the most downward pull. If you were to stand on magnetic north, a magnetic compass would point straight down. ____________________________ varies due to shifts in the Earth's core and is at a different location than true north.

Magnetic North

The angular difference between true north and magnetic north. Also known as declination.

Magnetic Variation

A magnetic anomaly that affects the compass. The magnetic compass in the aircraft is affected by surrounding magnetic and electrical disturbances in the airplane.

Magnetic Deviation

The aircraft's magnetic heading corrected for deviation. The deviation is found on a compass card or a placard near the compass, and it usually varies by just a degree or two.

Compass Heading

True course corrected for magnetic variation.

Magnetic Course

True heading corrected for magnetic variation. You can determine the magnetic variation from a sectional map.

Magnetic Heading

The aircraft's course over the ground relative to true north. ___________________ is measured with a navigation plotter and a sectional map.

True Course

True course corrected for wind.

True Heading

Basic Calculations

Time = distance/groundspeed (t=d/GS)

Distance = groundspeed/time (d=GS/t)

Groundspeed = distance/time (GS=d/t)

Fuel consumption: Gallons/hour x time (GPH x T

An ___________________________ is a map designed to assist in navigation of aircraft, much as nautical charts do for watercraft, or a roadmap for drivers.

There are charts for all land masses on Earth, and long-distance charts for trans-oceanic travel.

Aeronautical Charts

Kinds of Aeronautical Charts.

Sectional Aeronautical Chart

Terminal Area Charts (TACs)

World Aeronautical Charts (WACs)

Are the primary navigational reference medium used by VFR pilot community.

1 : 500,000 scale

Designed for visual navigation of slow to medium speed aircraft.

The aeronautical information on Sectional Charts includes:

o Visual and radio aids to navigation;

o Airports;

o Controlled airspace;

o Restricted areas;

o Obstruction; and related data

Sectional Aeronautical Charts

Provide a large-scale portrayal of selected metropolitan complexes to satisfy pilotage and local control requirements.

1 : 250,000

Depict the airspace designated as Class B Airspace.

The information found on these charts portrays much more detail than is found on the Sectional charts because of the larger scale.

These charts are revised every 6 months.

Terminal Area Charts (TACs)

Cover land areas at a standard size and scale (1 : 1,000,000) for navigation by moderate speed aircraft and aircraft operating at high altitudes.

The topographical information includes:

● City tints;

● Principal roads;

● Railroads;

● Distinctive landmarks,

● Drainage patterns and relief.

● These charts are revise annually.

World Aeronautical Charts (WACs)

________________________ are depicted using two tones of blue, and are considered either "Open Water" or "Inland Water."

WATER FEATURES (HYDROGRAPHY)

The elevation and configuration of the Earth's surface is important to pilots.

LAND FEATURES (TERRAIN) AND OBSTRUCTIONS

LAND FEATURES (TERRAIN) AND OBSTRUCTIONS

We use five different techniques:

contour lines, shaded relief, color tints, obstruction symbols, and Maximum Elevation Figures (MEF).

Join points of equal elevation.

On Sectionals, basic contours are spaced at 500' intervals.

Intermediate contours are typically at 250' intervals.

Auxiliary contours at 50', 100', 125', or 150' intervals.

Contour lines

Shows how terrain may appear from the air.

Shaded relief

Show bands of elevation relative to sea level.

These colors range from light green for the lower elevations, to dark brown for the higher elevations.

Color Tints

Represents the highest elevation within a quadrant including terrain and other vertical obstacles (towers, trees, etc.).

The Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF)

is the primary navigational aid which relays the aircraft direction from the ground station and helps the pilot to determine the aircraft’s bearing to or from the station.

Very High Frequency Omni Directional Range (VOR)

is a facility consisting of two components, VOR and TACAN, which provides three individual services: VOR azimuth, TACAN azimuth and TACAN distance (DME) at one site.

A ____________________ is simply a VOR with a co-located tactical air navigation system (TACAN), which is a navigation system used by military aircraft.

VORTAC

makes it possible for pilots to determine an accurate distance and position of the aircraft by calculating aircraft’s distance from a selected enroute ground station.

makes it possible for pilots to determine an accurate distance.

is defined as a navigation beacon, usually coupled with a VOR beacon, to enable aircraft to measure their position relative to that beacon.

DME – DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT

The first radio-based navigation aid (navaid) system was the _______________________. It is a ground-based radio transmitter that transmits radio energy in all directions.

NDB – Nondirectional Beacon (NDB)

____________________________ when used with an NDB, determines the bearing from the aircraft to the transmitting station.

The Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)

The VOR course is selected by turning the ____________________ knob to the desired course.

OBS (Omni Bearing Selector)

The ______________________ (CDI) display steering commands.

Course deviation Indicator

•Is the measurement of distance north or south of the Equator.

•It is measured with 180 imaginary lines that form circles around the Earth east-west, parallel to the Equator.

•These lines are known as parallels. A circle of latitude is an imaginary ring linking all points sharing a parallel.

Latitude

•It is the line of 0 degrees latitude.

•The latitude of the North Pole is 90 degrees N, and the latitude of the South Pole is 90 degrees S.

Equator

It is the measurement east or west of the prime meridian.

________________ is measured by imaginary lines that run around the Earth vertically (up and down) and meet at the North and South Poles.

These lines are known as meridians.The distance around the Earth measures 360 degrees.

Longitude

that runs through Greenwich, England, is internationally accepted as the line of 0 degrees longitude, or _____________________.

The _________________ is the line of 0° longitude, the starting point for measuring distance both east and west around Earth.

Prime Meridian

is a combination of Directional Gyro and a VOR- receiver

HSI – HORIZONTAL SITUATION INDICATOR