Introduction to Sociology Ch 17

absolute monarchies

governments wherein a monarch has absolute or unmitigated power

anarchy

the absence of any organized government

authority

power that people accept because it comes from a source that is perceived as legitimate

charismatic authority

power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities

constitutional monarchies

national governments that recognize monarchs but require these figures to abide by the laws of a greater constitution

democracy

a form of government that provides all citizens with an equal voice or vote in determining state policy

dictatorship

a form of government in which a single person (or a very small group) wields complete and absolute authority over a government or populace after the dictator rises to power, usually through economic or military might

monarchy

a form of government in which a single person (a monarch) rules until that individual dies or abdicates the throne

oligarchy

a form of government in which power is held by a small, elite group

one person, one vote

a concept holding that each person's vote should be counted equally

patrimonialism

a type of authority wherein military and administrative factions enforce the power of the master

politics

a means of studying a nation's or group's underlying social norms as values as evidenced through its political structure and practices

power

the ability to exercise one's will over others

power elite

a small group of powerful people who control much of a society

rational-legal authority

power that is legitimized by rules, regulations, and laws

representative democracy

a government wherein citizens elect officials to represent their interests

totalitarian dictatorship

an extremely oppressive form of dictatorship in which most aspects of citizens' lives are controlled by the leader

traditional authority

power legitimized on the basis of long-standing customs

Which statement best expresses the difference between

Authority is based on the perceived legitimacy of the individual in power.

Which of the following types of authority does not reside primarily in a leader?

Legal-rational

In the U.S. Senate, it is customary to assign each senator a seniority ranking based on years of government service and the population of the state he or she represents. A top ranking gives the senator priority for assignments to office space, committee chair positions, and seating on the senate floor. What type of authority does this example best illustrate

Traditional

Malcolm X used his public speaking abilities and magnetism to inspire African Americans to stand up against injustice in an extremely hostile environment. He is an example of a(n) __________

charismatic

Which current world figure has the least amount of political power?

Queen Elizabeth II

Which statement best expresses why there have been so few charismatic female leaders throughout history?

Few women have had the opportunity to hold leadership roles over the courseof history.

Many constitutional monarchies started out as:

absolute monarchies

Which nation is an absolute monarchy?

Oman

Which of the following present and former government leaders is generally considered a dictator?

Kim Jong-Un

A(n) _________________ is an extremely oppressive government that seeks to control all aspects of its citizens' lives.

totalitarian dictatorship

Which is not a characteristic of a democracy?

A king or queen holds the majority of governmental control.

Which statement best expresses why the United States is not a "true" democracy?

Citizens elect representatives who vote on their behalf to make policy.

In the past, Southern states discouraged African Americans from voting by requiring them to take a _____________________ test.

literacy

Which president signed the Voting Rights Act?

Lyndon Johnson

Which factor does not influence voting practices?

Voting booths

The U.S. Supreme Court case _________________ led to the revision of voting districts to account for differences in population density.

Reynolds v. Sims

Which statement best explains the meaning of "one person, one vote"?

Each voter's vote should count equally.

Which concept corresponds best to functionalism?

Interdependence

Which sociologist is not associated with conflict theory?

George H. Mead

Karl Marx believed social structures evolve out of

competition

The Arab Spring, Occupy Wall Street protests, and the Tea Party movement have the following in common:

They are examples of conflict theory in action.

Which is not one of functionalism's four main purposes of government?

Equally distributing resources

Sociologist G. William Domhoff's Who Rules America? asserts that wealth is often necessary to exert the most influence over social and political systems. This is a ____ perspective.

conflict theory

Which of the following paradigms would consider movements such as Occupy Wall Street undesirable and unnecessarily forcing social change?

Functionalism