Kinesiology exam 1

what does biomechanics mean and what “bio” stands for?

study of mechanical aspects of living organisms, means life

what is mechanics

study of forces and their effects

what 2 types of forces are studied in biomechanics

internal muscle forces and external forces acting on the body

what is statics

study of systems at rest or moving at constant speed

what is dynamics

study of systems that are accelerating

what is kinematics

description of motion without considering forces

what is kinetics

study of forces related to motion

what is force

push or pull acting on a body

what 3 things does kinematics focus on

size, timing, sequence of movement

what is kinesiology

study of human movement

what condition involves weak and fragile bones

osteoporosis

what is qualitative analysis

describing movement without using numbers

what is quantitative analysis

using numbers to describe movement

what is linear motion and another word for it

movement in straight or curve line where all parts move the same speed and direction, translation

what is rectilinear motion

motion in a straight line

what is curvilinear motion

motion in a curved line

what is angular motion

rotation around an axis

what is the axis of rotation

imaginary line around which rotation occurs

what is general motion

combination of linear and angular motion, most human movement

what is a mechanical system

body or part of body chosen to be analyzed

what is the anatomical reference position

standing upright, arms at sides, palms forward

what does superior mean

closer to the head

what does inferior mean

farther from the head

what does anterior mean

toward the front of the body

what does posterior mean

toward the back of the body

what does medial mean

toward the midline of the body

what does lateral mean

away from the midline

what does proximal mean

closer to the trunk

what does distal mean

farther from the trunk

what plane divides the body into left and right

sagittal plane

what plane divides the body into front and back

frontal plane

what plane divides the body into top and bottom

transverse plane

what axis is used for transverse plane rotation

longitudinal axis

what axis is used for frontal plane rotation

sagittal axis

what axis is used for sagittal plane rotation

frontal axis

what 5 movements happen in the sagittal plane

flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, hyperextension

what 5 movements happen in the frontal plane

abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, elevation, depression

what 5 movements happen in the transverse plane

rotation, pronation, supination, horizontal abduction and adduction

what is circumduction and the 4 things it combines

circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

what is a spatial reference system used for

measuring and describing motion

what does the x-axis represent? y-axis?

horizontal position, vertical position

what does the z-axis add

depth for 3D motion analysis

what is qualitative movement analysis

analyzing movement using observation

what is the main tool used in qualitative analysis

visual observation

what 2 things must you know before analyzing a skill

purpose of the skill and cause of errors

what 3 things are considered when planning analysis

viewing angle, distance, number of observers

what 5 performer factors affect movement

age, gender, body size, skill level, emotion

what is inertia, what it’s directly related to, and does it have units

resistance to a change in motion, mass, no

what is mass and the SI unit

amount of matter in a body, kg

what equation relates force, mass, and acceleration

F = ma

what is unit is force measured in

Newton (N)

what is a free body diagrams

drawing showing all forces acting on a system

what is net force

total combined force acting on a body

what happens when net force is zero

motion stays the same, stays still

what is the center of gravity

point where body weight is balanced

what is weight

gravitational force acting on a body

what unit is weight measured in

Newtons (N)

what is pressure

force divided by area

why would pointy things create more pressure than flat things

smaller contact area increases pressure

what is volume

amount of space an object takes up

what is density

mass per unit of volume

what is torque and another name for it

rotating effect of a force, moment of force

how is torque calculated

force times perpendicular distance to the axis

what is impulse

force x time

what type of force is compression

squeezing force

what type of force is tension

stretching or pulling force

what is shear

force parallel to a surface

what is stress

force distributed over an area in the body

how does surface area affect stress

smaller area causes greater stress

what is bending

compression on one side and tension on the other

what is torsion

twisting around a long axis

what is combined loading

more than one load acting at the same time

what is deformation

change in shape

what is acute loading and what it leads to

single large force causing injury, macrotrauma

what is repetitive loading and what it leads to

repeated smaller forces over time, microtrauma

what is a vector

a physical quantity showing magnitude and direction

what is a scalar

quantity with magnitude only

what is vector resolution

breaking one vector into perpendicular components

what are the 2 main functions of bones

support and protect body tissues

how do bones help movement

act as rigid levers for muscles

what is stiffness in bone

ratio of stress to strain

what is compressive strength

ability to resist squeezing forces

what 2 minerals increase bone stiffness and compressive strength

calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate

what gives bones flexibility and tensile strength

collagen

how much of bone weight is water

25-30%

what is cortical bone and where it’s found

dense, stiff bone found in long bone shafts

what is trabecular bone and where it’s found

spongy bone that handles more strain, in bone ends and vertebrae

what does anisotropic mean

bone has different strength in different directions

what type of stress are bones strongest against? weakest?

strong against compression, weak against shear

what 4 bones make up the axial skeleton

skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae

what skeleton includes the arms and legs

appendicular skeleton

what’s an example of a short bone

carpals in the wrist

what type of bone is the scapula

flat bone

what type of bone is the femur

long bone

how do bones grow in length

through epiphyseal plates

when do growth plates close

during adolescence or early adulthood

how do bones grow in thickness

through the periosteum

why type of cells build bone

osteoblasts

what type of cells break down bone

osteoclasts

what happens to collagen with aging and how it affects bones

it decreases and bones become more brittle