PSYC 308: Abnormal Behavior - Test 1 Flashcards

The Four D's

Framework for defining abnormal behavior: Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger.

Deviance

Behavior deviating from societal norms or expectations.

The Four D's

Framework for defining abnormal behavior: Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger.

Deviance

Behavior deviating from societal norms or expectations.

Distress

Personal suffering or discomfort indicating abnormality.

Dysfunction

Interference with daily functioning and activities.

Danger

Behavior posing risk to self or others.

DSM-5

Diagnostic manual for mental health disorders.

Incidence

Number of new cases in a population over time.

Epidemiology

Study of disease distribution in populations.

Biopsychosocial model

Framework considering biological, psychological, and social factors.

Life-course perspective

Impact of early life events on later mental health.

Self-Report

Participants evaluate their own behaviors and feelings.

Observations

Directly observing behavior to assess psychological conditions.

Experimental Research

Research method manipulating variables to determine causation.

Control Groups

Groups used for comparison in experimental studies.

Risk Factors

Aspects increasing likelihood of developing mental health issues.

Protective Factors

Aspects promoting mental health and resilience.

Case Studies

In-depth analysis of individual psychological cases.

Dysfunctional

Interferes with daily functioning, indicating a breakdown of cognitive, emotional or behavioural functioning.

Retrospective Strategies

Looking back in time to understand the development of a disorder.

Prospective Strategies

Looking forward in time, following participants who are at risk of becoming disordered.

Single-Case Groups

Using a specific structure to explore single-case designs to assess individual responses.

ABAB Design

A structure that alternates between control and treatment conditions.

Cultural Impacts

The influence of culture on the perceptions of abnormality and definitions of deviance and dysfunction.

Maladaptive Behavior

Behavior that disrupts daily functioning or adaptation.

Risk Factor

Characteristic associated with increased condition risk.

Variable Risk Factors

Risk factors that can be modified or changed.

Fixed Markers

Risk factors that cannot be altered or changed.

Causal Risk Factor

Changing this factor affects the outcome variable.

Variable Marker

Changing this factor does not affect the outcome.

Diathesis-Stress Model

A framework linking predisposition and the trigger of environmental stress.

Resilience

Ability to adapt successfully to challenges.

Correlate

Variable associated with an outcome of interest. Correlation does not mean causation.

Necessary Factor

Essential for the occurrence of a condition.

Sufficient Factor

Alone can cause the condition to occur.

Contributory Factor

Increases the likelihood of a condition developing.

Synaptic Transmission

Neurotransmitters released into synapse for neuron communication.

Neurotransmitter Imbalances

Implicated in many disorders and caused by excess release, deactivation issues, or receptor problems.

Neural Plasticity

Brain's ability to adapt and reorganize itself.

Temperament

Child's reactivity and self-regulation traits.

Biological Viewpoint

The viewpoint in which most emphasis is placed on biological factors such as brain abnormalities or hormonal or neurotransmitter imbalances.

Psychodynamic Perspective

Focus on unconscious processes and childhood experiences.

Ego-Defence Mechanisms

Strategies to protect ego from anxiety.

Psychosexual Stages

Freud's stages of childhood sexual development. Includes: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital stages.

Freudian Criticism

Overemphasis on sex drive and unconscious motives.

Behavioural Perspectives

Focus on observable behaviors and environmental impact.

Observational Learning

Learning by observing others' behaviors.

Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective

The combination of cognitive and behavioral components both contribute to mental health disorders. Distorted thoughts lead to maladaptive emotions and behaviors.

Schema

The mental frameworks we learn and continuously build to interpret the world. Representation of knowledge guiding information processing.

Self-schema

Personal views of identity and aspirations.

Assimilation

Integrating new experiences into existing frameworks.

Accommodation

Modifying frameworks to include new information.

Maladaptive schemas

Distorted cognitive frameworks from adverse experiences.

Attribution

Assigning causes to events or behaviors.

Attributional style

Characteristic way of assigning causes to events.

Self-serving bias

Tendency to attribute positive events internally.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Therapeutic approach combining cognitive and behavioral techniques.

Psychosocial perspectives

Focus on social influences on psychological health.

Social factors

Environmental influences affecting psychological well-being.

Trauma

Severe emotional response to distressing events.

Parental psychopathology

Parents' mental disorders impacting children's development.

Prejudice

Unjust discrimination impacting social relationships.

Socio-economic status

Lower SES correlates with higher mental disorders incidence.

Access discrimination

Hiring denial based on personal characteristics.

Treatment discrimination

Unequal pay and promotion opportunities for certain groups.

Health outcomes

Prejudice increases likelihood of negative health outcomes.

Cultural syndromes

Clusters of symptoms specific to certain cultures.

Cultural idioms

Culture-specific expressions of distress.

Cultural explanations

Diverse explanations for symptoms across cultures.

Cognitive Perspective

Focuses on mental processes affecting behavior.

Social-Cultural Perspective

Analyzes family dynamics and societal influences.

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Explores childhood conflicts and trauma effects.

Humanistic Perspective

Considers loss of faith in self-worth.

Causal Factors

Elements contributing to an individual's behavior.

Reliability

Consistency of a measure across evaluations.

Test-retest reliability

Same test yields same results over time.

Inter-rater reliability

Agreement among different clinicians' assessments.

Validity

Measure's accuracy in assessing what it claims.

Face validity

Tool appears to measure intended construct.

Predictive validity

Tool forecasts future behaviors or characteristics.

Concurrent validity

Agreement with independent measures of similar traits.

Standardisation

Consistency in test administration and presentation.

Initial Diagnosis

Identifying the problem and potential risks.

Baseline Assessment

Understanding initial condition before treatment begins.

Cultural competence

Understanding diverse backgrounds in mental health assessment.

Multicultural assessment

Evaluating individuals from various cultural contexts.

Prevalence

Frequency of a disorder within a population.

Ethnic minorities

Groups at higher risk for certain disorders.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

standardized measure of intelligence based on a scale in which 100 is average

WAIS

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, an IQ test.

Stanford Binet Test

Standardized test for measuring intelligence.

Matrix Reasoning

Nonverbal assessment of logical thinking skills.

Verbal Comprehension Task

Describing a word's meaning without using it.

Working Memory

Ability to hold and manipulate information.

Digit-Forward

Repeating numbers in the order presented.

Digit-Backward

Repeating numbers in reverse order.

Digit-Span Sequencing

Arranging numbers in ascending order.

Strengths of Intelligence Tests

High reliability, validity, and standardization within the population on which they are normed.

Weaknesses of Intelligence Tests

Cultural biases and performance influencing factors can influence test scores and skew results.

Clinical Interviews

Standardized psychiatric assessment of patient issues.

Self-Monitoring

Individual reflection on decisions and feelings.