Chapter 1: Meaning, Nature, and Types of Communication

Nature of Communication

• It is inevitable.

• It is used for self-expression

• It express thoughts and feelings

• It gives context for different purposes, behavior, and situation.

Communication

It comes from the Latin word “communicare” meaning “to share” or “to make ideas”, derived from the word “communis” meaning “common or shared.”

Communicare

Communication comes from the LATIN word?

“to share” or “to make ideas”

Communicare means

Communis

Communicare is derived from the word?

Communication

It is the process of meaning through a channel or a medium (media).

Communication

It is the process of using messages to generate meaning.

Communication

It refers to the sending and receiving messages.

Communication

It is about sharing opinions, information, ideas, and feelings.

Communication

It is the systemic process of interaction through symbols.

Communication

It is the transmission of message from source to receiver.

Communication

It is the action of sending information to oneself via LANGUAGE.

Types of Communication

• Verbal

• Non-verbal

• Written

• Visual

• Listening

Verbal Communication

It states that words are assurance, meaning that it should be exact and should not have other meanings.

Verbal Communication

All types of communication that uses spoken or unspoken (sign language.

Verbal Communication

It can be formal or informal.

Verbal Communication

A good speaker of this communication always adjusts to its environment.

Nonverbal Communication

It states the “words are assurance but actions speak louder than words.”

Nonverbal Communication

It states that “what is being said is only half the battle, the rest lies in what is not being said.”

Nonverbal Communication

It refers to the movements of the face, posture, eye contact, and hands.

Written Communication

It is a form of verbal communication.

Written Communication

It is a type of communication that uses verbal words but is still different than spoken verbal communication.

Written Communication

Its message lives on, perhaps even in perpetuity.

Visual Communication

It states that “we live in a visual world, but it does not mean that we shouldn’t look at what does not meet the eye.

Visual Communication

It aids the verbal and written communication.

Listening

It states that the “best speakers are good listeners”

Listening

It refers to the comprehension in the process of communication.

Listening

It does not only equate to hearing, but comprehending.

Elements of Communication

• Sender

• Channel

• Code

• Noise or Barrier

• Message

• Feedback

• Encoding and Decoding

Pearson et al

He provided a comprehensive set of communication elements.

Sender

The process of communication is started by the _______.

Sender

When the ________, has chose a meaning, they encrypt the message and choose a chnnael to send it through the recipient.

Receiver

They decode, interpret, and respond to the message of the sender.

Receiver

They give the original sender a response or feedback.

Message

It is the verbal and non-verbal form of idea, thought, or feeling that one intends to communicate to another person or group of people.

Channel

It refers to the means with which the message is delivered.

Medium, Channel

As the message moves from the sender to the receiver, it passes through a _______ or ________.

Feedback

The reaction or response of the receiver is called _______.

Feedback

It provides insight into how the receiver interprets and understands the message of the sender.

Code

It pertains to language.

Code

It is a systematic arrangment of symbols used to create meanings in the mind of another person.

Encoding

It is defined as the process of translating an idea or a thought into a code.

Decoding

It is the process of assigning meaning to an idea or a thought.

Noise Barrier

It is anything that stops a receiver from full comprehending a message.

Noise

It can be both External (Physical), Internal (Psychological), Biological (Physiological), Meaning (Semantic)

External (Physical), Internal (Psychological), Biological (Physiological), Meaning (Semantic)

Noise has four types:

External (Physical)

Any external, tangible, or auditory interference in the environment that distracts from the message. Examples include loud machinery, a passing airplane, a baby crying, or a flickering light.

Physiological Noise (Biological)

Biological factors within the sender or receiver that interfere with communication. Examples include hunger, fatigue, illness, or hearing impairments.

Psychological Noise (Internal)

Cognitive or emotional interference that prevents effective listening or understanding. Examples include stress, anxiety, bias, prejudice, or wandering thoughts.

Semantic Noise (Meaning)

Occurs when the sender and receiver apply different meanings to words or symbols, causing misunderstanding. Examples include the use of technical jargon, slang, or language barriers

Technical/Mechanical Noise

Interference caused by the medium or technology used to transmit the message. Examples include poor internet connection, static on a phone call, or a blurry video screen.

Cultural Noise

Occurs when differences in cultural backgrounds, norms, or beliefs lead to misinterpretation of messages.

Noise

It can disrupt communication any time.

Models of Communcation

1. Linear Model

2. Interactive Model

3. Transactional Model

Linear Model

It is the transmission model that is based on the assumption that communication is trasmitted in a straightforward manner-from a sender to a receiver.

Linear Model

It contains: Sender, Message, Receiver

Linear Model

It clearly reflects that communication is a one-way process.

Linear Model

There are two prominent models under this: Laswell’s and Shannon & Weaver’s Models

Laswell’s Verbal Model

It is the simplest model of communication.

Laswell’s Verbal Model

In this model, communication flows from in one direction from the sender with a message which is sent via a certain medium towards the receiver to bring about a certain result.

Medium

In Laswell’s Verbal Model, communication flows from in one direction from the sender with a message, which is sent via a certain _______ towards the receiver to bring about a certain result.

Laswell’s Verbal Model

Communicator, Message, Medium, Receiver, Effect

These are the 5 components of Laswell’s Verbal Model. (CMMRE)

Communicator

It is the “Who?”

Message

It is the “Say What”

Medium

It is the “In what channel?”

Receiver

It is the “To Whom”

Effect

It is the “In What Effect”

Shannon & Weaver’s Model

It is a modification of Laswell’s model by adding the concept of noise.

Shannon Weaver’s Model

Information Source, Transmitter, Noise Source, Receiver, Destination

These are the 5 COMPONENTS of the Shannon Weaver’s Model. (IS-TRA-NOS-RE-DES)

Message, Signal, Received Signal, Message

These are the 4 SENT COMPONENTS between the 5 COMPONENTS of the Shannon Weaver’s Model.

Message

It is sent by the Information Source to the Transmitter.

Signal

It is transmitted between the Transmitter and the Receiver. Possibly, the Noise Source may affect it.

Noise

What is the concept added by the Shannon & Weaver’s Model?

Shannon & Weaver’s Model

In this model, the information source is the sender who sends the message to the transmitter (channel).

Shannon & Weaver’s Model

In this model, the signals sent and received are affected by the noise.

Noise

It is the interference that disrupts and distorts the understanding of message.

Shannon & Weaver’s Model

In this model, the receiver is another receiving instrument such as telephone, ears, eyes.

Receiver

In the Shannon & Weaver’s model, the _________ is another receiving instrument such as telephone, ears, eyes, etc.

Destination

It is the person who receives the message.

Interactive Model

It is a model made by Wilbur Schramm’s.

Wilbur Schramm

Who is the proponent of the Interactive Model?

Interactive Model by Wilbur Schramm

In this model, communication is a two-way process which involves an exchange or an interaction between the sender and the receiver.

Interactive Model by Wilbur Schramm

The receiver gets the message, he processes it, provides own interpretation, and delivers back to the sender.

Interactive Model by Wilbur Schramm

The message in this model is sent back to the sender, called feedback.

Feedback

It is the message sent back to the sender.

Interactive Model by Wilbur Schramm

Personal Fields of Experience

It plays an important role, whether shared or not, in the Interactive Model.

Personal Fields of Experience

According to Schramm, it explains why misunderstanding occurs.

Personal Fields of Experience

These either enhances or weakens the communication process.

Personal Fields of Experience

When communicators share this, the BETTER they understand each other.

Transactional Model

This model was adapted from Wood 1997 in response to the failure of the interactive model to portray the dynamism of human communication.

Wood 1997

The Transactional Model was adapted from?

Failure of Interactive Model

The Transactional Model was adapted as a response to the __________ to portray the dynamism of human communication.

Transactional Model

It has a time element which influences how people communicate.

Time Element

The Transactional Model has a _________ which influences how people communicate.

Transactional Model

It depicts communication as varying (not constant) and dynamic (not static)

varying, dynamic

The Transactional Model depicts communication as ______ and ______.

Transactional Model

In this model, the outer lines indicate that communication occurs within systems that influence people such as culture, context, family background.