Patho 2 Exam 3

This (ese) structure(s) provide bouyancy and shock- abosrbing capacity? (2)

CSF and meninges

from external to internal, what is the name and order of meninges? (3)

Dura, arachnoid, pia

Which glial cells make up the blood brain barrier?

Astrocytes

These cells are responisble for the production and maintenance of the cerebrospinal fluid

Ependymal cells

The cerebrum is made of all these structures (4)

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic cortex, and corpus callosum

Which structure contains midbrain, pons, and medulla

brainstem

which lobe contains the visual cortex (vision)

occipital lobe

True or false: the frontal lobe contains the somatosensory cortex

false, it is the parietal lobe

This lobe contains the auditory and vestibular centers (balance and hearing)

temporal lobe

parts of the cerebrum most closely associated with memory and emotion

limbic system

prinicipal structures of the diencephalon (3)

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

Processes and relays most of the signals traveling to and from the cortex and coordinates motor functions

thalamus

lesions of this structure result in ataxia (impaired balance) and failure of rapid movements

cerebellum

Which part (s) of the brain coordinates swallowing, vomiting, and coughing? (2)

pons and medulla

true or false: the spinal cord is part of the peripheral nervous system

false, it is part of the central nervous system

This division of the nervous system consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves

peripheral nervous system

segment of the body innervated by a spinal nerve is called?

dermatome

All spinal nerves merge into a large group called a plexus except

thoracic nerves

true or false: autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons in the PNS that mediate automatic or involuntary functions

false, it contains neurons in the CNS and PNS

Most PSNS functions are controlled by?

cranial nerves

Most SNS functions are controlled by?

Spinal nerves

which divisions of the nervous system secrete acetylcholine (3)

Somatic nervous system, PSNS, and preganglionic neurons of the SNS

Post-ganglionic neurons of the SNS secrete which neurotransmitter?

norepinephrine

acetylcholine receptor on the effector cells of the PSNS is

muscarinic receptor

true or false: inhibitory neurotransmitters create inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) caused by opening of channels that allow potassium influx or chloride efflux

false, potassium efflux and chloride influx

true or false: peripheral neurons may regenerate if the injury is not severe

true

these structures send action potentials to the spinal cord through the dorsal root which are later intercepted by thalamus and relayed to the somatosensory cortex

sensory receptors

complete the statement: Motor function is transmitted from the ____ down the _____ crosses over down the ____ to control motor function on the ____ side of the body

primary motor cortex, cortico-spinal tract, spinal cord, the other side

motor activity preprogrammed into neuronal connections in the spinal cord that allow sensory information to cause a reaction in the spinal cord without going to brain

spinal reflex

protective mechanism that allows withdrawal of a body part from a physical threat while maintaining balance

withdrawal reflex

true or false: ischemia is a main factor in primary insult but is not part of the secondary response

false, ischemia (decreased blood flow) is a contributing factor either as the primary insult (stroke) or as part of the secondary response (vascular compression)

Reperfusion can be detrimental to cell survival because it increases ___?

free radical production which induce cell toxicity

increased ICP can occur as a result of accumulation of

Space occupying lesions (tumors), vasogenic or cytotoxic edema, or with obstruction or excessive production of CSF, or blood volume expansion (hemorrhagic stroke)

What is the compensatory mechanism for ICP?

A slight increase in one component can be offset by reduction in volume of the other two (ex. increase in blood is offset by decrease in CSF and brain tissue)

This phenomemon results in protrusion of brain tissue through an opening in the supporting dura of the brain

herniation

This term is used to describe altered level of consciousness where the patient falls asleep unless stimulated

obtunded

True or false: severity of TBI is classified by the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) with highest scores correspond to more severe TBI lesions

False: mild (GCS score 13 to 15), moderate (score 9 to 12), severe (score 8 or below)

Type of primary TBI injury caused by acceleration-deceleration movement of the brain within the skull, resulting in double injury (usually opposite focal injury)

polar injury

collection of blood between dura and the inner surface of skull

epidural hematoma

which intracranial hematomas involve rupture of bridging veins?

subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhages

sudden onset of neurologic dysfunction caused by cardiovascular disease that results in an area of brain infarction

stroke

This type of stroke is associated with atherosclerosis and coagulopathies

thrombotic stroke

this type of stroke associated with cardiac dysfunction or dysrhythmias (atrial fibrilliation)

embolic stroke

What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

temporary period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke. a TIA usually lasts only a few minutes and is a warning sign for imminent stroke

true or false: morbidity and mortalilty is much higher in hemorrhagic stroke than ischemic stroke

true

Where do most hemorrhagic strokes happen?

basal ganglia or thalamus

list the main stroke sequelae

motor and sensory deficits, language deficits, and cognitive deficits

lesion of an artery that results in dilation and ballooning of a segment of the vessel

high blood pressure, acute alcohol intoxication, and recreational drug use (especially cocaine) implicated, or congential defect of the middle layer or arteries

what are some risk factors for cerebral aneurysm ?

aneurysm

True or false: meningitis and cerebral abscess are commonly associated with bacterial infections while encephalitis is associated with viral infections

true

which infection can precipitate obstructive hydrocephalus

meningitis where bacteria invades leptomeninges causing accumulation of inflammatory exudate leading to obstructive hydrocephalus

which viruses are associated with encephalitis? (3)

west nile virus, western equine encephalitis, and herpes simplex

localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma

brain abscess

true or false: seizure disorder results from alteration in membrane potential that makes certain neurons abnormally hyperactive and hypersensitive or hypoactive to changes in their environment

false, only hyperactive. Neuronal hypoactivity does not result in seizure

Involvement of thalamus in generalized seizure will cause what?

loss consciousness

This type of seizure usually occurs in children and is associated with abrupt onset and termination

petite mal seizures

This disorder is associated with continuing series of seizures without a period of recovery between episodes

status epilepticus

true or false: abnormal electrical activity restricted to one brain hemisphere is called partial seizure