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124 Terms
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**Animism**
**Animism**
**Period 1)**
__Definition__: A Native American belief that non human things such as plants and animals possess a spiritual essence
__Significance__: Native Americans has vastly different social, political, and economic structures than their European counterparts which often involved environmental interaction
__Definition__: A Native American belief that non human things such as plants and animals possess a spiritual essence
__Significance__: Native Americans has vastly different social, political, and economic structures than their European counterparts which often involved environmental interaction
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**Pueblo Indians (Pre-Columbus)**
**Period 1)**
__Definition:__ Lived in arid land in the American Southwest and relied on irrigation to grow maize and other agricultural products. This resulted in the adoption of a permanent societies, contrary to other areas with nomadic Indians.
__Significance__: Example of American Indian group with select lifestyle. Later rebel against spanish due to occupation.
__Definition:__ Lived in arid land in the American Southwest and relied on irrigation to grow maize and other agricultural products. This resulted in the adoption of a permanent societies, contrary to other areas with nomadic Indians.
__Significance__: Example of American Indian group with select lifestyle. Later rebel against spanish due to occupation.
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**American Southwest (Pre-Columbus)**
**American Southwest (Pre-Columbus)**
**Period 1)**
__Definition__: Arid and desolate land; New Mexico/Arizona area.
__Significance__: Native Americans, such as the Pueblo Indians, relied on irrigation to grow crops. This incentivized more permanent housing.
__Definition__: Arid and desolate land; New Mexico/Arizona area.
__Significance__: Native Americans, such as the Pueblo Indians, relied on irrigation to grow crops. This incentivized more permanent housing.
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**Great Basin and Great Plains (Pre-Columbus)**
**Period 1)**
__Definition:__ Area which lacked natural resources, leading Native American groups to develop nomadic lifestyles, often hunting buffalo.
__Significance__: Ecosystem kept in balance by native groups due to their nomadic lifestyles. Settlers would later disrupt the lifestyle of natives and population of buffalo.
__Definition:__ Area which lacked natural resources, leading Native American groups to develop nomadic lifestyles, often hunting buffalo.
__Significance__: Ecosystem kept in balance by native groups due to their nomadic lifestyles. Settlers would later disrupt the lifestyle of natives and population of buffalo.
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**Atlantic Coast and Northeast (Pre-Columbus)**
**Period 1)**
__Definition__: fertile and rich in natural resources. Led to the establishment of hunter-gatherer societies among Native Americans. These native Americans (ex. Iroquois) would establish permanent villages and trading posts.
__Significance:__ Permanent Indian villages allowed for trading among tribes; these permanent settlements would be disrupted by white settlers from Europe.
__Definition__: fertile and rich in natural resources. Led to the establishment of hunter-gatherer societies among Native Americans. These native Americans (ex. Iroquois) would establish permanent villages and trading posts.
__Significance:__ Permanent Indian villages allowed for trading among tribes; these permanent settlements would be disrupted by white settlers from Europe.
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**Iroquois**
**Period 1)**
__Definition__: Native group living in the Atlantic Coast and Northeast region. Established hunter-gather societies and permanent villages
__Significance__: One of many tribes that settled in this area and would be later confronted by white settlers. Trading partners with French & Dutch.
__Definition__: Native group living in the Atlantic Coast and Northeast region. Established hunter-gather societies and permanent villages
__Significance__: One of many tribes that settled in this area and would be later confronted by white settlers. Trading partners with French & Dutch.
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**Motivation behind European conquest in the Americas**
**Period 1)**
__Definition:__
Gold: European nations wanted new sources of wealth through trade with Asia (initial goal) and eventually through exploitation/use of the hemisphere and its people.
Glory: Connects back to wealth. European nations wanted influence, attainable through empirical land gains & empirical wealth. Additionally, many sought the northwest passage.
God: European nations wanted to convert native population to Christianity.
__Definition:__
Gold: European nations wanted new sources of wealth through trade with Asia (initial goal) and eventually through exploitation/use of the hemisphere and its people.
Glory: Connects back to wealth. European nations wanted influence, attainable through empirical land gains & empirical wealth. Additionally, many sought the northwest passage.
God: European nations wanted to convert native population to Christianity.
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**Arrival of Columbus (date/significance)**
**Period 1)**
__Definition:__ 1492.
__Significance:__ Led to huge changes to both the western and eastern hemispheres through trade and introduction of new resources through Columbian Exchange. He also treated native populations with disrespect; started a precedent.
__Definition:__ 1492.
__Significance:__ Led to huge changes to both the western and eastern hemispheres through trade and introduction of new resources through Columbian Exchange. He also treated native populations with disrespect; started a precedent.
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**Columbian Exchange (w/ex…)**
**Period 1)**
__Definition:__ Atlantic exchange of people, diseases, food, trade, ideas, etc… between Western Hemisphere, Africa, and Europe.
Ex… Europeans introduced horses, which vastly changed Native American lifestyle.
Ex… Europeans introduced diseases such as smallpox, which devastated native populations (90% death rate in some areas).
Ex… New World introduced corn and potatoes from America; fueled a population increase.
Ex… New World introduced sugar plants and tobacco to the old world.
__Significance:__ Introduced the aforementioned exchanged products to Europe and the Americas greatly changed the lives of those living in each area, devastating, causing growth, and changing the lifestyle of thousands.
__Definition:__ Atlantic exchange of people, diseases, food, trade, ideas, etc… between Western Hemisphere, Africa, and Europe.
Ex… Europeans introduced horses, which vastly changed Native American lifestyle.
Ex… Europeans introduced diseases such as smallpox, which devastated native populations (90% death rate in some areas).
Ex… New World introduced corn and potatoes from America; fueled a population increase.
Ex… New World introduced sugar plants and tobacco to the old world.
__Significance:__ Introduced the aforementioned exchanged products to Europe and the Americas greatly changed the lives of those living in each area, devastating, causing growth, and changing the lifestyle of thousands.
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**Treaty of Tordesillas**
**Period 1)**
__Definition:__ Spain and Portugal, the first two colonizers in the new world, agreed to divide the western hemisphere along a vertical line; Portugal got Brazil. Negotiated with help of pope.
__Significance:__ First negotiation between colonizing nations in the new world; both established massive empires.
__Definition:__ Spain and Portugal, the first two colonizers in the new world, agreed to divide the western hemisphere along a vertical line; Portugal got Brazil. Negotiated with help of pope.
__Significance:__ First negotiation between colonizing nations in the new world; both established massive empires.
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**St. Augustine**
**Period 1)**
__Definition:__ Founded in 1565 by the Spanish; first permanent settlement in North America.
__Significance:__ First European foothold in the new world. It would be another 42 years until the British established Jamestown
__Definition:__ Founded in 1565 by the Spanish; first permanent settlement in North America.
__Significance:__ First European foothold in the new world. It would be another 42 years until the British established Jamestown
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**Encomienda System**
**Period 1)**
__Definition:__ Spanish slave labor. Natives forced to mine such things as silver, or grow crops like sugar. Also sought to convert Native people to Catholicism. Placed native spanish born individuals at the top of the social hierarchy, natives at the bottom, and interracial individuals in the median.
__Significance:__ Start of exploitation of Native people in the new world. Helped to grow the affluence of the Spanish empire and impose its control.
__Definition:__ Spanish slave labor. Natives forced to mine such things as silver, or grow crops like sugar. Also sought to convert Native people to Catholicism. Placed native spanish born individuals at the top of the social hierarchy, natives at the bottom, and interracial individuals in the median.
__Significance:__ Start of exploitation of Native people in the new world. Helped to grow the affluence of the Spanish empire and impose its control.
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**Pueblo Revolt**
**Period 1)**
__Definition:__ A revolt in 1680 against expanding Spanish influence in the New Mexico region. Led to the death of hundreds of Spanish colonists and destruction of Catholic Churches.
__Significance:__ Native Americans were rejecting colonization. Brought on by white superiority imposed by Spanish. Natives wanted autonomy from Europeans, this will be seen throughout history.
__Definition:__ A revolt in 1680 against expanding Spanish influence in the New Mexico region. Led to the death of hundreds of Spanish colonists and destruction of Catholic Churches.
__Significance:__ Native Americans were rejecting colonization. Brought on by white superiority imposed by Spanish. Natives wanted autonomy from Europeans, this will be seen throughout history.
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**Juan de Sepúlveda**
**Period 1)**
__Definition:__ Wrote book called “Just Causes for War Against the Indians,” justifying spanish colonization of the Americas
__Significance__: Exemplified the voice of a large group of Europeans who believed that subjugation of natives was ethical because they were inhuman. This notion was partially derived from their human sacrifices to their gods; it was seen as inhumane.
__Definition:__ Wrote book called “Just Causes for War Against the Indians,” justifying spanish colonization of the Americas
__Significance__: Exemplified the voice of a large group of Europeans who believed that subjugation of natives was ethical because they were inhuman. This notion was partially derived from their human sacrifices to their gods; it was seen as inhumane.
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**Bartolomé de las Casas**
**Period 1)**
__Definition:__ 1552, published “A short Account of the Destruction of the Indies,” criticizing and condoning the Spanish treatment of indigenous people.
__Significance__: Exemplified the opinion of a group of Europeans who believed the exploitation of the Native populations in the Americas was wrong. Although exploitation continued for some time, opposition was present and SOME reforms were made.
__Definition:__ 1552, published “A short Account of the Destruction of the Indies,” criticizing and condoning the Spanish treatment of indigenous people.
__Significance__: Exemplified the opinion of a group of Europeans who believed the exploitation of the Native populations in the Americas was wrong. Although exploitation continued for some time, opposition was present and SOME reforms were made.
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**English / Spanish / French / Dutch Colonialism**
**Period 1)**
__English__: English established populated colonies, outnumbering every other European nation with regard to colony size. Refrained from interaction with natives, if done, hostile. God, Glory, Gold.
__Spanish__: Conquered native populations and used encomienda system to exploit them. Spanish formed interracial societies with natives. God, Glory, Gold…
__French__: Traded with Native Americans for furs and formed peaceful cooperations. Formed interracial societies. Passive towards natives. Glory, Gold…
__Dutch__: Traded with natives, were fairly passive. similar to French. Glory, Gold…
__Significance__: All nations practiced mercantilism, and wanted to enrich the mother countries.
__English__: English established populated colonies, outnumbering every other European nation with regard to colony size. Refrained from interaction with natives, if done, hostile. God, Glory, Gold.
__Spanish__: Conquered native populations and used encomienda system to exploit them. Spanish formed interracial societies with natives. God, Glory, Gold…
__French__: Traded with Native Americans for furs and formed peaceful cooperations. Formed interracial societies. Passive towards natives. Glory, Gold…
__Dutch__: Traded with natives, were fairly passive. similar to French. Glory, Gold…
__Significance__: All nations practiced mercantilism, and wanted to enrich the mother countries.
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**Praying Towns**
Period 1)
__Definition__: Established in the New England region from 1646 to 1675 to convert Native Americans to the puritan faith.
__Significance__: They were eventually abandoned during King Philips war (metacoms war) as natives were forced to perform laborious activities; they represent colonial indoctrination of native Americans.
__Definition__: Established in the New England region from 1646 to 1675 to convert Native Americans to the puritan faith.
__Significance__: They were eventually abandoned during King Philips war (metacoms war) as natives were forced to perform laborious activities; they represent colonial indoctrination of native Americans.
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**Mercantilism**
**Period ~1)**
__Definition:__ Colonies exist to enrich the Mother countries primarily via natural resources. Primary incentive for European colonization in the new world and focus on disallowing industrialization. This so the mother country had control of all international *completed/manufactured* exports. Mercantile Laws, such as the Navigation Act, was passed in the wake of mercantilism.
__Significance:__ While European nations differed in how they colonized the new world, each wished to adhere to mercantilism, or self enrichment. British mercantilism, taking form through the Navigation Acts + Molasses Act represented desire to create colonial dependency on England, which in turn enriched it. Mercantilist practices (navigation acts, etc… ) benefited the colonies by providing a source of employment through ship building because of trade route requirements, ensured some security over the colonies by the British, and gave colonies a stable consumer/reliable market; However, they also restricted manufacturing in the colonies and required them to sell goods at the price the British wished to pay for it (usually discounted).
__Definition:__ Colonies exist to enrich the Mother countries primarily via natural resources. Primary incentive for European colonization in the new world and focus on disallowing industrialization. This so the mother country had control of all international *completed/manufactured* exports. Mercantile Laws, such as the Navigation Act, was passed in the wake of mercantilism.
__Significance:__ While European nations differed in how they colonized the new world, each wished to adhere to mercantilism, or self enrichment. British mercantilism, taking form through the Navigation Acts + Molasses Act represented desire to create colonial dependency on England, which in turn enriched it. Mercantilist practices (navigation acts, etc… ) benefited the colonies by providing a source of employment through ship building because of trade route requirements, ensured some security over the colonies by the British, and gave colonies a stable consumer/reliable market; However, they also restricted manufacturing in the colonies and required them to sell goods at the price the British wished to pay for it (usually discounted).
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**Spanish Armada**
Period 2)
__Definition:__ English defeat an invading Spanish fleet in 1588 during an attempted overthrow of the monarchy.
__Significance:__ The English had been slower than the Spanish in the colonization for the new world; Defeating the Spanish in 1588 gave England the confidence and legitimacy to begin exploring the new world without fear of Spanish intervention.
__Definition:__ English defeat an invading Spanish fleet in 1588 during an attempted overthrow of the monarchy.
__Significance:__ The English had been slower than the Spanish in the colonization for the new world; Defeating the Spanish in 1588 gave England the confidence and legitimacy to begin exploring the new world without fear of Spanish intervention.
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**Proprietorship**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: Land given to an individual or group by the King \[in context: of England\].
__Significance__: Individuals could seek land grants by the King to start their own colony, which allowed for a variety of differing “missions” regarding the purpose of the thirteen colonies.
__Definition__: Land given to an individual or group by the King \[in context: of England\].
__Significance__: Individuals could seek land grants by the King to start their own colony, which allowed for a variety of differing “missions” regarding the purpose of the thirteen colonies.
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**Corporate Colony**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: A colony owned by a joint stock company \[in context: from England\]. Shareholders would invest in a company, and subsequently the colony, and share in its losses or profits.
__Significance__: Private business was able to compete with that of royalty issued or controlled colonies.
__Definition__: A colony owned by a joint stock company \[in context: from England\]. Shareholders would invest in a company, and subsequently the colony, and share in its losses or profits.
__Significance__: Private business was able to compete with that of royalty issued or controlled colonies.
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**Royal Colonies**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: Colonies directly controlled by the King \[in context: King of England\]
__Significance__: This allowed the King to effectively manage said colonies, which as experienced later, led to dissent among colonial leaders and citizens.
__Definition__: Colonies directly controlled by the King \[in context: King of England\]
__Significance__: This allowed the King to effectively manage said colonies, which as experienced later, led to dissent among colonial leaders and citizens.
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**Chesapeake Colonies**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: Colonies founded in Virginia and Maryland (Uppers-southern region). Became very diverse region.
__Significance__: Region in which first colonies were established. Focus on trade and religious tolerance. Farming was conducted in this region, specifically, cash crops were prevalent.
__Definition__: Colonies founded in Virginia and Maryland (Uppers-southern region). Became very diverse region.
__Significance__: Region in which first colonies were established. Focus on trade and religious tolerance. Farming was conducted in this region, specifically, cash crops were prevalent.
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**Jamestown**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: First permanent English colony in the new world. Founded in 1607.
__Significance__: Established with the goal of gathering riches. Founded by the Virginia Company, a joint stock company. Many upper class men who founded colony were unable to sustain themselves, so colony entered period of massive decline. John Smith came from England and established “Don’t work don’t eat” policy. In 1624, it became a royal colony because the Virginia Company went bankrupt.
__Definition__: First permanent English colony in the new world. Founded in 1607.
__Significance__: Established with the goal of gathering riches. Founded by the Virginia Company, a joint stock company. Many upper class men who founded colony were unable to sustain themselves, so colony entered period of massive decline. John Smith came from England and established “Don’t work don’t eat” policy. In 1624, it became a royal colony because the Virginia Company went bankrupt.
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**House of Burgesses**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: Form of representative government established in colonial Virginia, 1619.
__Significance__: Set a precedent for representative government in the thirteen colonies. No other European power had any comparable form of representation existent in their colonies.
__Definition__: Form of representative government established in colonial Virginia, 1619.
__Significance__: Set a precedent for representative government in the thirteen colonies. No other European power had any comparable form of representation existent in their colonies.
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**Powhatan Tribe**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: Native tribe which had been established in the Chesapeake colonial area near where new colonial settlement growth was occurring.
__Significance__: As settlers moved west to accommodate for growth in the colonies, tensions increased with the Powhatan tribe to an eventual point of conflict. Eventually defeated in the Anglo-Powhatan Wars due to diseases, disorganization, and disposability(in mind of English).
__Definition__: Native tribe which had been established in the Chesapeake colonial area near where new colonial settlement growth was occurring.
__Significance__: As settlers moved west to accommodate for growth in the colonies, tensions increased with the Powhatan tribe to an eventual point of conflict. Eventually defeated in the Anglo-Powhatan Wars due to diseases, disorganization, and disposability(in mind of English).
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**Anglo-Powhatan Wars**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: Two wars against the colonists in America and the Powhatan Tribe in 1610-1614 and 1622-1646; the Powhatans had been established in the area now accommodating new colonial growth.
__Significance__: Both wars resulted in series population declines in the colonies. The second war began with massacre that killed 200 colonies (roughly 1/3 of population). Powhatans eventually defeated in 1646 due to diseases brought over by the colonists, disorganization among native fighters, and the English’s carefree attitude regarding native disposability.
__Definition__: Two wars against the colonists in America and the Powhatan Tribe in 1610-1614 and 1622-1646; the Powhatans had been established in the area now accommodating new colonial growth.
__Significance__: Both wars resulted in series population declines in the colonies. The second war began with massacre that killed 200 colonies (roughly 1/3 of population). Powhatans eventually defeated in 1646 due to diseases brought over by the colonists, disorganization among native fighters, and the English’s carefree attitude regarding native disposability.
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**Bacon’s Rebellion**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: Uprising against governor of Jamestown(Gov. Berkley), by primary, indentured servants in 1676. Led by Nathanial Bacon. Rebelled against natives and burned Jamestown.
__Significance__: Growing frustration with lack of land in the colonies among indentured servants; Governor in the colony didn’t allow settlement far west. There was a desire for more political power, as House of Burgesses was dominated by plantation elites. Also a desire for the gov of Jamestown to show proactivity against native attacks. __**Resulted in the transition of labor in the colonies from indentured servants to slave labor.**__ Richer elites wanted reliable source of labor, and indentured servants were outliving their contracts and demanding reforms. Overall, demonstrated existence of tension between social classes.
__Definition__: Uprising against governor of Jamestown(Gov. Berkley), by primary, indentured servants in 1676. Led by Nathanial Bacon. Rebelled against natives and burned Jamestown.
__Significance__: Growing frustration with lack of land in the colonies among indentured servants; Governor in the colony didn’t allow settlement far west. There was a desire for more political power, as House of Burgesses was dominated by plantation elites. Also a desire for the gov of Jamestown to show proactivity against native attacks. __**Resulted in the transition of labor in the colonies from indentured servants to slave labor.**__ Richer elites wanted reliable source of labor, and indentured servants were outliving their contracts and demanding reforms. Overall, demonstrated existence of tension between social classes.
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**Lord Baltimore**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: Given land via proprietorship by the king. Established colony of Maryland.
__Significance__: Established colony focused on protecting religious freedoms for christians; didn’t provide freedoms for other religions.O
__Definition__: Given land via proprietorship by the king. Established colony of Maryland.
__Significance__: Established colony focused on protecting religious freedoms for christians; didn’t provide freedoms for other religions.O
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**Act of Toleration**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: Act in Maryland, which was a proprietorship under control of Lord Baltimore, intended to protect the religious freedom of Christians (especially catholics)
__Significance__: Catholics were seeking refuge from hostility of England. One of first laws establishing some form of religious freedoms, but only for Christians.
__Definition__: Act in Maryland, which was a proprietorship under control of Lord Baltimore, intended to protect the religious freedom of Christians (especially catholics)
__Significance__: Catholics were seeking refuge from hostility of England. One of first laws establishing some form of religious freedoms, but only for Christians.
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**Plymouth Colony**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: A group of radical puritans (individuals who wanted to purify the church) who wished to break away from the church by founding a new colony in the new world. They founded the colony in 1620.
__Significance__: Were attempting to land in the Chesapeake, specifically Virginia, area where settler growth was preexistent; however, they landed at Plymouth in Massachusetts instead, beginning the expansion and regionalism of the colony.
__Definition__: A group of radical puritans (individuals who wanted to purify the church) who wished to break away from the church by founding a new colony in the new world. They founded the colony in 1620.
__Significance__: Were attempting to land in the Chesapeake, specifically Virginia, area where settler growth was preexistent; however, they landed at Plymouth in Massachusetts instead, beginning the expansion and regionalism of the colony.
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Mayflower Compact
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: An agreement establishing a basic form of government, based on majority rules or self governance, by the Plymouth colonists in 1620.
__Significance__: Established another form of self governance in the new world. Helped by natives to survive in the new world, eventually giving way to what is now known as Thanksgiving.
__Definition__: An agreement establishing a basic form of government, based on majority rules or self governance, by the Plymouth colonists in 1620.
__Significance__: Established another form of self governance in the new world. Helped by natives to survive in the new world, eventually giving way to what is now known as Thanksgiving.
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**New England Colonies**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: An area initially dominated by Puritans (individuals who wished to purify the church). Religion was extremely important in this region. Geographic region known for town hall meetings and other forms of democratic governance. Mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.
__Significance__: Religion and religious education were extremely important (required schools be built). Area founded such institutions as Harvard, to educate Puritan leaders. __Religious freedom was reserved ONLY for Puritans__; Not tolerant of other religions. Church membership was required to participate in politics. Town hall meetings reserved for adult males who were church members.
__Definition__: An area initially dominated by Puritans (individuals who wished to purify the church). Religion was extremely important in this region. Geographic region known for town hall meetings and other forms of democratic governance. Mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.
__Significance__: Religion and religious education were extremely important (required schools be built). Area founded such institutions as Harvard, to educate Puritan leaders. __Religious freedom was reserved ONLY for Puritans__; Not tolerant of other religions. Church membership was required to participate in politics. Town hall meetings reserved for adult males who were church members.
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**Roger Williams**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: Questioned Puritan (individuals who wished to purify the church) leadership in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Also questioned doctrine of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, calling for religious freedom and subsidies to natives for their land. Was eventually expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, afterwhich he founded Providence, Rhode Island.
__Significance__: Set a precedent for religious freedom and toleration in the colonies. Went on to found Providence, Rhode Island, __which was the first colony with complete religious freedom.__
__Definition__: Questioned Puritan (individuals who wished to purify the church) leadership in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Also questioned doctrine of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, calling for religious freedom and subsidies to natives for their land. Was eventually expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, afterwhich he founded Providence, Rhode Island.
__Significance__: Set a precedent for religious freedom and toleration in the colonies. Went on to found Providence, Rhode Island, __which was the first colony with complete religious freedom.__
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**Providence, Rhode Island**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: Founded by Roger Williams, an individual expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for expressing dissent at the lack of religious freedom. This colony placed huge significance on total religious freedom.
__Significance__: The first colony to promote religious freedom for all, not only purtians.
__Definition__: Founded by Roger Williams, an individual expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for expressing dissent at the lack of religious freedom. This colony placed huge significance on total religious freedom.
__Significance__: The first colony to promote religious freedom for all, not only purtians.
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**Anne Hutchison**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: Similar to Roger Williams; expressed dissent over the lack of religious freedom in the New England colonies, and over puritan leadership.
__Significance__: Challenged preconceived notion of women in church by speaking out against leadership.
__Definition__: Similar to Roger Williams; expressed dissent over the lack of religious freedom in the New England colonies, and over puritan leadership.
__Significance__: Challenged preconceived notion of women in church by speaking out against leadership.
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**New England Confederation**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: Military alliance of all New England colonies, except Rhode Island, in 1643, intended to defend New England colonies against threats, such as Native Americans, Dutch, and French.
__Significance__: England was in a war at the time; colonies were left to their own devices. This was an example of unity among the colonies, as they came together for a common purpose.
__Definition__: Military alliance of all New England colonies, except Rhode Island, in 1643, intended to defend New England colonies against threats, such as Native Americans, Dutch, and French.
__Significance__: England was in a war at the time; colonies were left to their own devices. This was an example of unity among the colonies, as they came together for a common purpose.
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**King Philips/Metacom’s war**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: Metacom was the leader of the Wampanoags tribe. Formed an alliance of native tribes to remove puritans from his settlements. Used European weapons, like guns, to fight the settlers. Eventually killed, and his resistant was crushed.
__Significance__: The last prominent native resistant to the New England colonies. This was due to a growing population in the New England colonies and disease.
__Definition__: Metacom was the leader of the Wampanoags tribe. Formed an alliance of native tribes to remove puritans from his settlements. Used European weapons, like guns, to fight the settlers. Eventually killed, and his resistant was crushed.
__Significance__: The last prominent native resistant to the New England colonies. This was due to a growing population in the New England colonies and disease.
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**New York Colony**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: Initially under Dutch control (New Amsterdam), but after a successful military expedition by Charles II, it was claimed by England, 1664.
__Significance__: Charles II granted James the Duke of York, his brother, as a proprietorship. Became a very religious and ethically diverse colony.
__Definition__: Initially under Dutch control (New Amsterdam), but after a successful military expedition by Charles II, it was claimed by England, 1664.
__Significance__: Charles II granted James the Duke of York, his brother, as a proprietorship. Became a very religious and ethically diverse colony.
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**William Penn**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: A quaker (The Religious Society of Friends; very pacifist) who established the colony of Pennsylvania in 1681. Wanted to create a “holy experiment” to shelter quakers from religious persecution in England.
__Significance__: Wished to establish a very liberal colony with religious toleration, democracy, and some rights for women. These values were later adopted by other colonies in the new world.
__Definition__: A quaker (The Religious Society of Friends; very pacifist) who established the colony of Pennsylvania in 1681. Wanted to create a “holy experiment” to shelter quakers from religious persecution in England.
__Significance__: Wished to establish a very liberal colony with religious toleration, democracy, and some rights for women. These values were later adopted by other colonies in the new world.
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**Pennsylvania**
**Period 2)**
__Definition__: A colony established by William Penn in 1681 as a “holy experiment” to shelter quakers (The Religious Society of Friends; very pacifist) from religious persecution in England. A very liberal colony with representative assembly. Sought to treat natives well by buying land from them; widespread religious freedom. Some toleration of women’s participation in society. Breadbasket of colonies.
__Significance__: Very demographically, religiously, and ethnically diverse colony. Represented liberal values, such as religious freedom and some form of equal rights for women, which were later adopted by other colonies.
__Definition__: A colony established by William Penn in 1681 as a “holy experiment” to shelter quakers (The Religious Society of Friends; very pacifist) from religious persecution in England. A very liberal colony with representative assembly. Sought to treat natives well by buying land from them; widespread religious freedom. Some toleration of women’s participation in society. Breadbasket of colonies.
__Significance__: Very demographically, religiously, and ethnically diverse colony. Represented liberal values, such as religious freedom and some form of equal rights for women, which were later adopted by other colonies.
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**Salutary Neglect**
Period 2)
__Definition__: A term coined \[in context\] to represent English neglect of their colonies due to internal turmoil (English civil war). British did not strictly enforce laws, such as the navigation acts. Ended after the French and Indian war.
__Significance__: Gave colonies carefree attitude, allowing them to function independently and autonomously from crown. This later resulted in discontent with the British as they sought to enforce more strict measures of control, such as enforcement of the Navigation Acts; Colonists had become used to said autonomy.
__Definition__: A term coined \[in context\] to represent English neglect of their colonies due to internal turmoil (English civil war). British did not strictly enforce laws, such as the navigation acts. Ended after the French and Indian war.
__Significance__: Gave colonies carefree attitude, allowing them to function independently and autonomously from crown. This later resulted in discontent with the British as they sought to enforce more strict measures of control, such as enforcement of the Navigation Acts; Colonists had become used to said autonomy.
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**Navigation Acts**
Period 2)
__Definition__: A diversion from Salutary Neglect as the English tried to establish a firm control over the colonies.
__1)__ Trade could only be carried out in either colonial or English ships
__2)__ All trade had to pass through English ports before continuing onward
__3)__ Certain goods, such as tobacco, could only be exported to England.
__Significance__: Initially was loosely enforced; colonists smuggled goods to France, etc… Eventually, the push to enforce the Navigation Acts enraged colonists because of their previous autonomy and/or ability to disregard the Act.
__Definition__: A diversion from Salutary Neglect as the English tried to establish a firm control over the colonies.
__1)__ Trade could only be carried out in either colonial or English ships
__2)__ All trade had to pass through English ports before continuing onward
__3)__ Certain goods, such as tobacco, could only be exported to England.
__Significance__: Initially was loosely enforced; colonists smuggled goods to France, etc… Eventually, the push to enforce the Navigation Acts enraged colonists because of their previous autonomy and/or ability to disregard the Act.
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**Dominion of New England**
Period 2)
__Definition__: Conjoined all New England colonies, 1686. Implemented to increase the crowns control over the colonies. Existed until the declaration of war against England.
__Significance__: Sir Edmund Andros appointed by the king, and was widely unpopular among the colonists. He enforced the navigation acts and reduced public participation in government by limiting town hall meetings. Led to distrust between colonies and England, eventually leading into the revolution.
__Definition__: Conjoined all New England colonies, 1686. Implemented to increase the crowns control over the colonies. Existed until the declaration of war against England.
__Significance__: Sir Edmund Andros appointed by the king, and was widely unpopular among the colonists. He enforced the navigation acts and reduced public participation in government by limiting town hall meetings. Led to distrust between colonies and England, eventually leading into the revolution.
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**Southern Plantation Colonies**
Period 2)
__Definition__: Fertile land rich region. Society dominated by cash crop agriculture, warmer climates, and men. Organized predominantly in a hierarchal way, especially after the introduction of slaves. Slavery came to define the region; Africans soon came to represent significant portions of the population.
__Significance__: Agricultural dependence led to the introduction of African slavery; While slavery existed in every region, it was most concentrated in this region. Initially, indentured servants were prevalent, but after Bacon’s rebellion, slave labor became commonplace. Additionally, demand for agricultural goods was high, and farmers were unable to enslave natives.
__Definition__: Fertile land rich region. Society dominated by cash crop agriculture, warmer climates, and men. Organized predominantly in a hierarchal way, especially after the introduction of slaves. Slavery came to define the region; Africans soon came to represent significant portions of the population.
__Significance__: Agricultural dependence led to the introduction of African slavery; While slavery existed in every region, it was most concentrated in this region. Initially, indentured servants were prevalent, but after Bacon’s rebellion, slave labor became commonplace. Additionally, demand for agricultural goods was high, and farmers were unable to enslave natives.
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**Triangular Trade**
Period 2)
__Definition__: A series of trade routes that connected the New World, Africa, and Europe.
1st Leg - Europeans brought manufactured goods to Africa (weapons, cloths, trinkets, copper, etc…)
2nd Leg - Africans were transported to the Americas by Europeans for a profit (**Middle Passage**)
3rd Leg - Natural resources and raw goods were transported to Europe (cotton, sugar, tobacco, etc…)
__Significance__: Triangular trade fueled Europe’s desire for more natural resources (manufacturing), as well as colonists’ desire for cheap labor. Africa was entirely exploited for slaves, and infighting resulted in trade with Europe, not prosperity; Moreover, guns from Europe were often bought to fight wars by selling more slaves.
__Definition__: A series of trade routes that connected the New World, Africa, and Europe.
1st Leg - Europeans brought manufactured goods to Africa (weapons, cloths, trinkets, copper, etc…)
2nd Leg - Africans were transported to the Americas by Europeans for a profit (**Middle Passage**)
3rd Leg - Natural resources and raw goods were transported to Europe (cotton, sugar, tobacco, etc…)
__Significance__: Triangular trade fueled Europe’s desire for more natural resources (manufacturing), as well as colonists’ desire for cheap labor. Africa was entirely exploited for slaves, and infighting resulted in trade with Europe, not prosperity; Moreover, guns from Europe were often bought to fight wars by selling more slaves.
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**Stono Rebellion**
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Period 2)
__Definition__: A slave revolt against southern plantation owners in South Carolina; Slaves were hoping to reach Florida where the Spanish had offered freedom and land. After continuing for some time and gathering support (60-100 slaves), the uprising was quelled.
__Significance__: After the failed uprising, a Negro Act was passed, limiting the privileges and rights of slaves, like prohibiting their master’s right to provide them with an education. This slave uprising helped to reveal preexisting tensions within Southern society.
Period 2)
__Definition__: A slave revolt against southern plantation owners in South Carolina; Slaves were hoping to reach Florida where the Spanish had offered freedom and land. After continuing for some time and gathering support (60-100 slaves), the uprising was quelled.
__Significance__: After the failed uprising, a Negro Act was passed, limiting the privileges and rights of slaves, like prohibiting their master’s right to provide them with an education. This slave uprising helped to reveal preexisting tensions within Southern society.
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**Half Way covenant**
Period 2)
__Definition__: Religious passion was fading in the New England colonies; This measure was taken to allow individuals to become partial church members (i.e., barred from participation in governance) without a “conversion.” Parents who had not experienced a conversion were allowed to baptize their children.
__Significance__: The mission of the colonies was largely to promote puritan values (purify the church); Declining church membership led to this lax in requisite as churches attempted to combat membership loss.
__Definition__: Religious passion was fading in the New England colonies; This measure was taken to allow individuals to become partial church members (i.e., barred from participation in governance) without a “conversion.” Parents who had not experienced a conversion were allowed to baptize their children.
__Significance__: The mission of the colonies was largely to promote puritan values (purify the church); Declining church membership led to this lax in requisite as churches attempted to combat membership loss.
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**1st Great Awakening**
Period 2)
__Definition__: Religious revival in the 1730-40s throughout colonies. Idea that ordinary people could understand the “gospels,” reducing the dependency on church ministers direction(s). Led to a growth in a variety of religions. __First shared “experience” between all colonies.__
__Significance__: New universities formed, such as Princeton, Dartmouth, Brown, etc… Led to a greater religious independence and diversity, which strengthened calls for separation of church and state because of increase in diversity with regard to religion; Reduced religious majority(s), so no group was incentivized to create synergy between church and state. Created sentiments of resistance to authority (church leaders), and gave colonists a sense of increased individualism when compared to them. __Later translated to the British.__
__Definition__: Religious revival in the 1730-40s throughout colonies. Idea that ordinary people could understand the “gospels,” reducing the dependency on church ministers direction(s). Led to a growth in a variety of religions. __First shared “experience” between all colonies.__
__Significance__: New universities formed, such as Princeton, Dartmouth, Brown, etc… Led to a greater religious independence and diversity, which strengthened calls for separation of church and state because of increase in diversity with regard to religion; Reduced religious majority(s), so no group was incentivized to create synergy between church and state. Created sentiments of resistance to authority (church leaders), and gave colonists a sense of increased individualism when compared to them. __Later translated to the British.__
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**Zenger Case**
Period 2)
__Definition__: In 1933, John Peter Zenger printed a newspaper critical of the royal governor in New York. Jury ruled not guilty, stating that if the statements were true, it was not an offense.
__Significance__: While rudimentary, this case loosely established freedom of the press in the colonies.
__Definition__: In 1933, John Peter Zenger printed a newspaper critical of the royal governor in New York. Jury ruled not guilty, stating that if the statements were true, it was not an offense.
__Significance__: While rudimentary, this case loosely established freedom of the press in the colonies.
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**Albany Plan of Union**
Period 3)
__Definition__: Plan devised by Ben Franklin to unify the colonies against the French during the French and Indian war. Intended to help colonies coordinate troops and collect taxes as one entity; Each colony had a different way of taxing, as well as individual armies.
__Significance__: First initiative to promote colonial unity. Rejected because of colonial jealousy (wanted to secure individual interests) and a history of individualism. However, it set a precedent for the colonies gathering to discuss matters of importance through cooperation, later giving way to the continental congress.
__Definition__: Plan devised by Ben Franklin to unify the colonies against the French during the French and Indian war. Intended to help colonies coordinate troops and collect taxes as one entity; Each colony had a different way of taxing, as well as individual armies.
__Significance__: First initiative to promote colonial unity. Rejected because of colonial jealousy (wanted to secure individual interests) and a history of individualism. However, it set a precedent for the colonies gathering to discuss matters of importance through cooperation, later giving way to the continental congress.
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**Treaty of Paris 1763**
Period 3)
__Definition__: End of the French and Indian war. England gained French claims in continental North America as well as Florida. (The British had captured other Spanish territory; Spanish surrendered Florida in exchange for this territory back).
__Significance__: French influence in North America was gone. England established supremacy in North America. British victory also prompted an end to salutary neglect, notably through their desire to tax colonists; The French and Indian war resulted in massive debt. Also gave back Florida to the Spanish.
__Definition__: End of the French and Indian war. England gained French claims in continental North America as well as Florida. (The British had captured other Spanish territory; Spanish surrendered Florida in exchange for this territory back).
__Significance__: French influence in North America was gone. England established supremacy in North America. British victory also prompted an end to salutary neglect, notably through their desire to tax colonists; The French and Indian war resulted in massive debt. Also gave back Florida to the Spanish.
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**Pontiacs Rebellion**
Period 3)
__Definition__: A western Indian confederation by Pontiac which rebelled against colonists expanding westward. Colonists fought back (e.g., Paxton Boys), leading to conflicts on the frontier.
__Significance__: British forced to send in troops to stop the rebellion as skirmishes and fighting continued. Led to the passage of the Proclamation Act of 1763, which prohibited colonists settlement past the Appalachian mountains; First of a series of Acts.
__Definition__: A western Indian confederation by Pontiac which rebelled against colonists expanding westward. Colonists fought back (e.g., Paxton Boys), leading to conflicts on the frontier.
__Significance__: British forced to send in troops to stop the rebellion as skirmishes and fighting continued. Led to the passage of the Proclamation Act of 1763, which prohibited colonists settlement past the Appalachian mountains; First of a series of Acts.
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**Proclamation Line of 1763**
Period 3)
__Definition__: Act prohibiting colonial settlement past the Appalachian Mountains. A response to Pontiacs rebellion and an increase of British troops in the colonies. British wished to avoid unnecessary expenditure of capital through stationing of troops to ensure colonial safety (still in debt after French and Indian War).
__Significance__: Colonists actively defied this “line,” and continued to settle westward. Actively demonstrated an end to salutary neglect, angering colonists who were used to little intervention from the crown, and viewed this act as a violation of their liberties.
__Definition__: Act prohibiting colonial settlement past the Appalachian Mountains. A response to Pontiacs rebellion and an increase of British troops in the colonies. British wished to avoid unnecessary expenditure of capital through stationing of troops to ensure colonial safety (still in debt after French and Indian War).
__Significance__: Colonists actively defied this “line,” and continued to settle westward. Actively demonstrated an end to salutary neglect, angering colonists who were used to little intervention from the crown, and viewed this act as a violation of their liberties.
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**French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War**
Period 3)
__Definition__: War from 1754-1763 between the French and British. Started in the upper Ohio River valley, where the French had constructed forts to strengthen their claim on the territory. British forces, led by George Washington, tried to expel them; They were outnumbered and defeated. After word of defeat spread to colonies, British prime minister called for retaliation. French fought alongside native Americans, while the British fought individually.
__Significance__: Enormously expensive and costly. Led to the territorial expanse of the British in the new world, and the expulsion of France and Spain from continental North America. Proceeding the war, the British ended salutary neglect, causing tensions to rise in the colonies as taxes and other restrictions were placed/enforced.
__Definition__: War from 1754-1763 between the French and British. Started in the upper Ohio River valley, where the French had constructed forts to strengthen their claim on the territory. British forces, led by George Washington, tried to expel them; They were outnumbered and defeated. After word of defeat spread to colonies, British prime minister called for retaliation. French fought alongside native Americans, while the British fought individually.
__Significance__: Enormously expensive and costly. Led to the territorial expanse of the British in the new world, and the expulsion of France and Spain from continental North America. Proceeding the war, the British ended salutary neglect, causing tensions to rise in the colonies as taxes and other restrictions were placed/enforced.
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**Sugar Act 1764**
Period 3)
__Definition__: Act passed in 1764 to implement price regulations on sugar imported to the colonies from any nation other than England. This was done in response to the 7 Years War (i.e., French & Indian War) to raise lost funds.
__Significance__: This act is an example of yet another instance of the termination of Statutory Neglect by the British; This in tern increased colonial tensions with the crown. Moreover, the passage of this act also marked the start of strict enforcement of the Navigation Acts, and began to try prosecutors in an institutionalized court. These courts also angered colonists as there were no juries and the judges were appointed by the crown.
__Definition__: Act passed in 1764 to implement price regulations on sugar imported to the colonies from any nation other than England. This was done in response to the 7 Years War (i.e., French & Indian War) to raise lost funds.
__Significance__: This act is an example of yet another instance of the termination of Statutory Neglect by the British; This in tern increased colonial tensions with the crown. Moreover, the passage of this act also marked the start of strict enforcement of the Navigation Acts, and began to try prosecutors in an institutionalized court. These courts also angered colonists as there were no juries and the judges were appointed by the crown.
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**Quartering Act 1765**
Period 3)
__Definition__: Colonists were required to allow British soldiers to “quarter” in their homes; They had to provide food and shelter.
__Significance__: As with the Sugar act of 1764, this Act represented an increase in British interference in the colonies, and a termination to Statutory Neglect, which upset colonists and increased tension between the crown and colonists. Additionally, this Act was a response to the 7 Years War (i.e., French & Indian War), after which the British attempted to reduce expenses and increase profit; This act reduced expenses.
__Definition__: Colonists were required to allow British soldiers to “quarter” in their homes; They had to provide food and shelter.
__Significance__: As with the Sugar act of 1764, this Act represented an increase in British interference in the colonies, and a termination to Statutory Neglect, which upset colonists and increased tension between the crown and colonists. Additionally, this Act was a response to the 7 Years War (i.e., French & Indian War), after which the British attempted to reduce expenses and increase profit; This act reduced expenses.
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**Stamp Act 1765**
Period 3)
__Definition__: First direct Tax on colonists; This act placed a tax on Stamps sold in the colonies, as well as a variety of other paper documents, such as newspapers, pamphlets, playing cards, etc… Eventually repealed because of widespread protests, meaning the British were loosing more money than they were gaining.
__Significance__: Previous interventions in colonial affairs had not directly impacted the colonists in the pervasive way that the Stamp Act had. Opposition stemmed from almost all colonists, but especially those residing in the middle classes (i.e., the Individuals who were most affected by the tax). Moreover, colonists resented that the tax had been imposed without referencing colonial legislators, such as the House of Burgesses; In the House of Burgesses, the Virginia Resolves were created, outlining the notion that taxes must be set by the colonies, and that they deserved representation.
__Definition__: First direct Tax on colonists; This act placed a tax on Stamps sold in the colonies, as well as a variety of other paper documents, such as newspapers, pamphlets, playing cards, etc… Eventually repealed because of widespread protests, meaning the British were loosing more money than they were gaining.
__Significance__: Previous interventions in colonial affairs had not directly impacted the colonists in the pervasive way that the Stamp Act had. Opposition stemmed from almost all colonists, but especially those residing in the middle classes (i.e., the Individuals who were most affected by the tax). Moreover, colonists resented that the tax had been imposed without referencing colonial legislators, such as the House of Burgesses; In the House of Burgesses, the Virginia Resolves were created, outlining the notion that taxes must be set by the colonies, and that they deserved representation.
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**Virginia Resolves**
Period 3)
__Definition__: A statement made by Patrick Henry in the House of Burgesses which outlined the notion that taxes must be set by the colonies, and they had the right to representation in matters which directly impacted them (i.e., Taxes).
__Significance__: Heavily influenced by enlightenment principles stemming from Europe and the fact that the colonies had been functioning autonomously for decades. England responded through “virtual representation,” stating that the colonies were represented by the British, as they were under their control; This offset and misrepresented the sentiments expressed in the Virginia Resolves.
__Definition__: A statement made by Patrick Henry in the House of Burgesses which outlined the notion that taxes must be set by the colonies, and they had the right to representation in matters which directly impacted them (i.e., Taxes).
__Significance__: Heavily influenced by enlightenment principles stemming from Europe and the fact that the colonies had been functioning autonomously for decades. England responded through “virtual representation,” stating that the colonies were represented by the British, as they were under their control; This offset and misrepresented the sentiments expressed in the Virginia Resolves.
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**Sons of Liberty**
Period 3)
__Definition__: A group of radical colonists who opposed breaches of colonial autonomy by the crown (i.e., an end to statutory neglect); The group formed specifically as a response to the Stamp act and others which gave no representation to the colonies in their affairs.
__Significance__: Effective at strategizing against British authority, notably through boycotts and other public demonstrations.
__Definition__: A group of radical colonists who opposed breaches of colonial autonomy by the crown (i.e., an end to statutory neglect); The group formed specifically as a response to the Stamp act and others which gave no representation to the colonies in their affairs.
__Significance__: Effective at strategizing against British authority, notably through boycotts and other public demonstrations.
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**Declaratory Act 1766**
Period 3)
__Definition__: A statement by the crown which affirmed the omnipotence of the crown when in reference to the colonists. Additionally, it affirmed the ability of the crown to impose taxes on the colonists without representation.
__Significance__: This Act was a direct response to the growing discontent with the end to statutory neglect and the enforcement of other restrictive acts such as the stamp act. It was also passed after Parliament repealed the stamp act as a result of colonial protests.
__Definition__: A statement by the crown which affirmed the omnipotence of the crown when in reference to the colonists. Additionally, it affirmed the ability of the crown to impose taxes on the colonists without representation.
__Significance__: This Act was a direct response to the growing discontent with the end to statutory neglect and the enforcement of other restrictive acts such as the stamp act. It was also passed after Parliament repealed the stamp act as a result of colonial protests.
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**Townshend Act 1767**
Period 3)
__Definition__: An act which placed taxes on several colonial commodities, such as British china, glass, lead, paint, paper and tea imported to the colonies on merchants; __It was not a direct tax on colonists.__ It was another attempt to raise funds to augment the struggling British after the 7 Years War (i.e., French & Indian War). Eventually repealed because boycotts and protests were causing the British to loose more money than they were gaining.
__Significance__: Colonists continued to argue that the British could not continue to place taxes on the colonies without representation, while the British argued “virtual representation.” Groups such as the Sons and Daughters of Liberty protested the Townshend Act which, like the Stamp Act, led to its repeal by parliament. Moreover, The Daughters of Liberty organized “spinning bees” to negate the acquisition of British made clothing.
__Definition__: An act which placed taxes on several colonial commodities, such as British china, glass, lead, paint, paper and tea imported to the colonies on merchants; __It was not a direct tax on colonists.__ It was another attempt to raise funds to augment the struggling British after the 7 Years War (i.e., French & Indian War). Eventually repealed because boycotts and protests were causing the British to loose more money than they were gaining.
__Significance__: Colonists continued to argue that the British could not continue to place taxes on the colonies without representation, while the British argued “virtual representation.” Groups such as the Sons and Daughters of Liberty protested the Townshend Act which, like the Stamp Act, led to its repeal by parliament. Moreover, The Daughters of Liberty organized “spinning bees” to negate the acquisition of British made clothing.
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**Boston Massacre 1770**
Period 3)
__Definition__: A group of British soldiers in Boston opened fire on a colonial protest, killing 5 colonists. Cause enormous commotion in the colonies, and exasperated tensions with the British over the Stamp, Townshend, and other Acts which defied solitary neglect.
__Significance__: Used against British in propaganda which depicted the soldiers firing upon crowd of “peaceful” colonists; It is more likely that the colonists were mobbing the soldiers, and that they had little choice.
__Definition__: A group of British soldiers in Boston opened fire on a colonial protest, killing 5 colonists. Cause enormous commotion in the colonies, and exasperated tensions with the British over the Stamp, Townshend, and other Acts which defied solitary neglect.
__Significance__: Used against British in propaganda which depicted the soldiers firing upon crowd of “peaceful” colonists; It is more likely that the colonists were mobbing the soldiers, and that they had little choice.
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**Tea Act 1773**
Period 3)
__Definition__: Gave the British East India Company exclusivity with regard to tea in the colonies by lowering the expenses of the company and therefore undercut competition. The act allowed the company to ship directly to the colonies without stopping at a British port.
__Significance__: This act provided direct support to the British East India Company as it was going bankrupt, and represented an expenditure of legislative power in the colonies. Moreover, it also meant that smuggled tea (i.e., tea that was illegal under the navigation acts) was more expensive than tea sold by the British East India Company. However, despite lower prices overall, colonists still opposed this Act, as they were vehemently against parliamentary action/taxation without representation. Eventually resulted in the Boston Tea Party in 1773.
__Definition__: Gave the British East India Company exclusivity with regard to tea in the colonies by lowering the expenses of the company and therefore undercut competition. The act allowed the company to ship directly to the colonies without stopping at a British port.
__Significance__: This act provided direct support to the British East India Company as it was going bankrupt, and represented an expenditure of legislative power in the colonies. Moreover, it also meant that smuggled tea (i.e., tea that was illegal under the navigation acts) was more expensive than tea sold by the British East India Company. However, despite lower prices overall, colonists still opposed this Act, as they were vehemently against parliamentary action/taxation without representation. Eventually resulted in the Boston Tea Party in 1773.
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**Boston Tea Party 1773**
Period 3)
__Definition__: A response to the Tea Act passed in 1773; The sons of liberty boarded ships managed by the British East India Company and dumped crates of tea into the Boston harbor. This was done as many were dressed as Native Americans.
__Significance__: Caused controversy between the British and colonies, but also resulted in dissent within the colonies themselves. Many colonists considered the actions by the sons of liberty to be too radical. The British responded by passing the Coercive Acts in 1774 (i.e., Intolerable Acts).
__Definition__: A response to the Tea Act passed in 1773; The sons of liberty boarded ships managed by the British East India Company and dumped crates of tea into the Boston harbor. This was done as many were dressed as Native Americans.
__Significance__: Caused controversy between the British and colonies, but also resulted in dissent within the colonies themselves. Many colonists considered the actions by the sons of liberty to be too radical. The British responded by passing the Coercive Acts in 1774 (i.e., Intolerable Acts).
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**Coercive Acts (i.e., Intolerable Acts) 1774**
Period 3)
__Definition__: A series of 4 acts passed by Parliament to punish Boston, and the colonies as a whole, for the Boston Tea Party. Intended to “Break” Boston.
1) Boston Port Act: British blockaded the Boston port until reparations were paid to the British and British East India. Company for the Boston tea party.
2) Massachusetts Government Act: The Massachusetts Council, which as a democratically elected body, became appointed by the crown. Additionally, it restricted town meetings to once a year and gave the Governor increased powers; Jurors in the court system could be chosen by crown sympathizers, which undermined the legitimacy of the colonies autonomy.
3) Act for the Impartial Administration of Justice: Gave the governor of Massachusetts to move a trial to England if the trial was foresaw as subjective. This further undermined the legitimacy of the colonies judicial system.
4) Quartering Act: __Applied to all colonies__. Allowed soldiers to be relocated if suitable housing was not provided; This reinforced the previous quartering act.
__Significance__: Cause enormous conflict within the colonies directed against the British. The British further established themselves as omnipotent in the colonies by effectively removing fair trials, providing the Massachusetts royal governor with increases in power, and further decreasing colonists rights through the quartering act. However, the Colonies united against the British, and many who had believed the Boston tea party an action too violent and destructive changed opinion to favor the colonies, notably, George Washington.
__Definition__: A series of 4 acts passed by Parliament to punish Boston, and the colonies as a whole, for the Boston Tea Party. Intended to “Break” Boston.
1) Boston Port Act: British blockaded the Boston port until reparations were paid to the British and British East India. Company for the Boston tea party.
2) Massachusetts Government Act: The Massachusetts Council, which as a democratically elected body, became appointed by the crown. Additionally, it restricted town meetings to once a year and gave the Governor increased powers; Jurors in the court system could be chosen by crown sympathizers, which undermined the legitimacy of the colonies autonomy.
3) Act for the Impartial Administration of Justice: Gave the governor of Massachusetts to move a trial to England if the trial was foresaw as subjective. This further undermined the legitimacy of the colonies judicial system.
4) Quartering Act: __Applied to all colonies__. Allowed soldiers to be relocated if suitable housing was not provided; This reinforced the previous quartering act.
__Significance__: Cause enormous conflict within the colonies directed against the British. The British further established themselves as omnipotent in the colonies by effectively removing fair trials, providing the Massachusetts royal governor with increases in power, and further decreasing colonists rights through the quartering act. However, the Colonies united against the British, and many who had believed the Boston tea party an action too violent and destructive changed opinion to favor the colonies, notably, George Washington.
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**Quebec Act 1774**
Period 3)
__Definition__: Often seen as an extension of the Coercive (i.e., Intolerable Acts). Extended the borders of Quebec into the Ohio valley (i.e., on the border with New England), Established Roman Catholicism as the official religion, and gave the government the power to operate undemocratically (i.e., without representative assembly).
__Significance__: Colonists viewed as an attack against them, specifically, because the Ohio valley land was seen as theirs. Moreover, they feared that England would constitute similar degrees of authority in the colonies by removing representative assemblys and promote a religion which was not widely practiced in the colonies/
__Definition__: Often seen as an extension of the Coercive (i.e., Intolerable Acts). Extended the borders of Quebec into the Ohio valley (i.e., on the border with New England), Established Roman Catholicism as the official religion, and gave the government the power to operate undemocratically (i.e., without representative assembly).
__Significance__: Colonists viewed as an attack against them, specifically, because the Ohio valley land was seen as theirs. Moreover, they feared that England would constitute similar degrees of authority in the colonies by removing representative assemblys and promote a religion which was not widely practiced in the colonies/
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**1st Continental Congress**
Period 3)
__Definition__:
1st: 12/13 colonies participated to try and mend their relationship with the British; Did not want independence.
__Significance__: Adopted Declaration of Rights and Grievances which outlined their desire for representation (e.g., taxation without representation derived from this declaration), institutionalized their support of boycotts by creating The Association to coordinate them, and started making military preparations against the British, especially directed at the growing presence of troops in the Boston region. Lexington and Concord occurred before they could meet again, which they had planned.
__Definition__:
1st: 12/13 colonies participated to try and mend their relationship with the British; Did not want independence.
__Significance__: Adopted Declaration of Rights and Grievances which outlined their desire for representation (e.g., taxation without representation derived from this declaration), institutionalized their support of boycotts by creating The Association to coordinate them, and started making military preparations against the British, especially directed at the growing presence of troops in the Boston region. Lexington and Concord occurred before they could meet again, which they had planned.
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**Lexington & Concord**
Period 3)
__Definition__: First shots of American Revolution which occurred in April of 1775; This was over one year before the colonial declaration of independence. British troops marched to Lexington to seize colonial weapons & arrest colonial leaders, but were sieged by revolutionaries. This is where Paul revere warned that “the British are coming.” British attacked once more at Concord while retreating.
__Significance__: First official battle of the American revolution. The battle was very unexpected, and kickstarted the war effort sooner than anticipated; However, the colonists remained determined and seditious.
__Definition__: First shots of American Revolution which occurred in April of 1775; This was over one year before the colonial declaration of independence. British troops marched to Lexington to seize colonial weapons & arrest colonial leaders, but were sieged by revolutionaries. This is where Paul revere warned that “the British are coming.” British attacked once more at Concord while retreating.
__Significance__: First official battle of the American revolution. The battle was very unexpected, and kickstarted the war effort sooner than anticipated; However, the colonists remained determined and seditious.
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**2nd Continental Congress**
Period 3)
__Definition__: The second congregation of colonial delegates; Still much dissent about whether to declare independence; Seen as radicalism. Organized military by instating George Washington as general and instated inscription into armed forces. They also signed the Olive Branch Petition, which implored England to come to a peaceful resolution.
__Significance__: This meeting of delegates, as with the prior, helped to signify colonial unilateralism, in a broad sense, despite a variety of diverse opinions within the congress itself. Additionally, the congress established itself as a government for the colonies by instating George Washington as General. It also acted, significantly, in favor of a resolution to the war by creating the Olive Branch Petition, outlining the underlying continued desire for colonialism within the colonies.
__Definition__: The second congregation of colonial delegates; Still much dissent about whether to declare independence; Seen as radicalism. Organized military by instating George Washington as general and instated inscription into armed forces. They also signed the Olive Branch Petition, which implored England to come to a peaceful resolution.
__Significance__: This meeting of delegates, as with the prior, helped to signify colonial unilateralism, in a broad sense, despite a variety of diverse opinions within the congress itself. Additionally, the congress established itself as a government for the colonies by instating George Washington as General. It also acted, significantly, in favor of a resolution to the war by creating the Olive Branch Petition, outlining the underlying continued desire for colonialism within the colonies.
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**The Olive Branch Petition**
Period 3)
__Definition__: A petition signed by the 2nd continental congress to outline the colonists desires to remain British citizens and avoid conflict. King George rejected this petition.
__Significance__: Emphasized the ingrained loyalty of the colonists, and their desire to negate the chance of war with the British. Additionally, the colonies had insufficient unity, which was another reason they wished to avoid conflict; However, the rejection of the petition by King George signified a British desire to terminate rebellious attitudes in the colonies, and put an end to continued dissent.
__Definition__: A petition signed by the 2nd continental congress to outline the colonists desires to remain British citizens and avoid conflict. King George rejected this petition.
__Significance__: Emphasized the ingrained loyalty of the colonists, and their desire to negate the chance of war with the British. Additionally, the colonies had insufficient unity, which was another reason they wished to avoid conflict; However, the rejection of the petition by King George signified a British desire to terminate rebellious attitudes in the colonies, and put an end to continued dissent.
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**“Common Sense” by Thomas Paine**
Period 3)
__Definition__: A pamphlet written in 1776 to spread enlightenment ideas, concurrently with a proponent for revolution, in simple writing which outlined the individuals natural rights against tyranny; People could rebel against a government which was not representing their best interests.
__Significance__: First popular literature work to clearly call for the creation of a republic and a declaration of independence from the British. The popularity of this pamphlet led to the dissemination of the ideas emphasized within, leading to widespread discussion of revolution and natural rights, with regard to the British’s relentless and tyrannical control over the colonies.
__Definition__: A pamphlet written in 1776 to spread enlightenment ideas, concurrently with a proponent for revolution, in simple writing which outlined the individuals natural rights against tyranny; People could rebel against a government which was not representing their best interests.
__Significance__: First popular literature work to clearly call for the creation of a republic and a declaration of independence from the British. The popularity of this pamphlet led to the dissemination of the ideas emphasized within, leading to widespread discussion of revolution and natural rights, with regard to the British’s relentless and tyrannical control over the colonies.
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**Declaration of Independence July 4 1776**
Period 3)
__Definition__: A written declaration of grievances by Thomas Jefferson which outlined the colonies self determined independence.
__Significance__: This document officially declared colonial independence from the British, and set fourth the desire to rid the colonies from that which the crown was imposing upon them, notably, virtual representation. It was used as a way to rally colonist and the rest of the world around the revolutionary cause, especially given its stress on principles of unalienable rights and popular sovereignty.
__Definition__: A written declaration of grievances by Thomas Jefferson which outlined the colonies self determined independence.
__Significance__: This document officially declared colonial independence from the British, and set fourth the desire to rid the colonies from that which the crown was imposing upon them, notably, virtual representation. It was used as a way to rally colonist and the rest of the world around the revolutionary cause, especially given its stress on principles of unalienable rights and popular sovereignty.
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**Battle of Saratoga 1777**
Period 3)
__Definition__: Colonial victory against the British; Led to the involvement of France in the war for independence. Following this battle, the French entered an alliance with the colonists, providing them with military and economic aid.
French Motives for joining war:
* France wanted more influence in North America
* French wanted to weaken the British.
* French wanted an end to mercantile policies so they could expand their trade to the colonies.
* The French were sympathetic to colonial values of enlightenment and democratic freedoms.
__Significance__: Colonists had not been winning war against the British; French involvement allowed the war effort to continue. Additionally, the colonists were provided with naval support by the French, which was incredibly important in their victory. Moreover, this heightening in colonial ability led the British to focus on the southern colonies where loyalists were more demographically dense.
__Definition__: Colonial victory against the British; Led to the involvement of France in the war for independence. Following this battle, the French entered an alliance with the colonists, providing them with military and economic aid.
French Motives for joining war:
* France wanted more influence in North America
* French wanted to weaken the British.
* French wanted an end to mercantile policies so they could expand their trade to the colonies.
* The French were sympathetic to colonial values of enlightenment and democratic freedoms.
__Significance__: Colonists had not been winning war against the British; French involvement allowed the war effort to continue. Additionally, the colonists were provided with naval support by the French, which was incredibly important in their victory. Moreover, this heightening in colonial ability led the British to focus on the southern colonies where loyalists were more demographically dense.
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**Treaty of Paris 1783**
Period 3)
__Definition__:
* End to the war; British had to leave.
* England would recognize the sovereignty of the colonies.
* Boundary of colonies would extend to Mississippi River.
* The colonies would respect the rights of loyalists.
* The colonies would pay back debts to British creditors.
__Significance__: This treaty marked an end to the revolutionary war, and therefore instated the sovereignty of the colonies. It was also a call to the world for a new order of enlightenment principles, and, as referenced by “Common Sense,” the inherency of revolution against authority which does not have the interests of their subjects in mind; Other world revolutions took the colonies as example, such as the French and Haitian revolutions.
__Definition__:
* End to the war; British had to leave.
* England would recognize the sovereignty of the colonies.
* Boundary of colonies would extend to Mississippi River.
* The colonies would respect the rights of loyalists.
* The colonies would pay back debts to British creditors.
__Significance__: This treaty marked an end to the revolutionary war, and therefore instated the sovereignty of the colonies. It was also a call to the world for a new order of enlightenment principles, and, as referenced by “Common Sense,” the inherency of revolution against authority which does not have the interests of their subjects in mind; Other world revolutions took the colonies as example, such as the French and Haitian revolutions.
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**Republican Motherhood**
Period 3)
__Definition__: A societal role placed upon women to teach republican (i.e., power held by the people) values in their homes.
__Significance__: Signified the significance of democratic/republican values in the colonial society, especially as this “job” was intended to inform new generations of the importance of said values. This “job” stemmed from the role of women in the revolution, notably the daughters of liberty, who organized spinning bees, as well as women who cooked, nursed, and maintained farms/businesses during the war; However, women were still treated as second class citizens.
__Definition__: A societal role placed upon women to teach republican (i.e., power held by the people) values in their homes.
__Significance__: Signified the significance of democratic/republican values in the colonial society, especially as this “job” was intended to inform new generations of the importance of said values. This “job” stemmed from the role of women in the revolution, notably the daughters of liberty, who organized spinning bees, as well as women who cooked, nursed, and maintained farms/businesses during the war; However, women were still treated as second class citizens.
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**Articles of Confederation 1781**
Period 3)
__Definition__: Created a weak central government for the colonies which could conduct maters of international significance (e.g., international loans, ratify treaties), notably, the new central government helped to negotiate and create the treaty of Paris 1783. However, as mentioned, the central government was incredibly weak:
* Could not tax colonists
* Could not regulate individual colonial trade
* Had no executive branch or courts
* Singular legislative body
* 9/13 to pass laws
* 13/13 to amend articles
__Significance__: The central government was intentionally weak to avoid having an omnipotent leader, as was with England; However, this meant that the central government had little ability to guide the new nation. This resulted in financial problems stemming from war debt, which the central government had no ability to regulate due to an inability to tax or regulate the state’s commerce/trade.
__Definition__: Created a weak central government for the colonies which could conduct maters of international significance (e.g., international loans, ratify treaties), notably, the new central government helped to negotiate and create the treaty of Paris 1783. However, as mentioned, the central government was incredibly weak:
* Could not tax colonists
* Could not regulate individual colonial trade
* Had no executive branch or courts
* Singular legislative body
* 9/13 to pass laws
* 13/13 to amend articles
__Significance__: The central government was intentionally weak to avoid having an omnipotent leader, as was with England; However, this meant that the central government had little ability to guide the new nation. This resulted in financial problems stemming from war debt, which the central government had no ability to regulate due to an inability to tax or regulate the state’s commerce/trade.
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**Northwest Ordinance(s)**
Period 3)
__Definition__: A set of ordinances which began to provide structure to the expanding nation.
Land Ordinance 1784: Established principle that new states could be admitted once their territories populations reached a certain size.
Land Ordinance 1785: Set up system to survey / divide land into townships; Also set aside land for public education.
Northwest Ordinance 1787: Set up system for states to be admitted into the nation; Once a territory reached 60k residents, they could apply to become a state. __Also banned slavery in the northwest territory__.
__Significance__: Only “good” action resulting from the articles of confederation. Allowed for the future expansion of the new nation, and importantly, set new rules for its expansion; Outlawed slavery (In the Northwest) and established public education facilities.
__Definition__: A set of ordinances which began to provide structure to the expanding nation.
Land Ordinance 1784: Established principle that new states could be admitted once their territories populations reached a certain size.
Land Ordinance 1785: Set up system to survey / divide land into townships; Also set aside land for public education.
Northwest Ordinance 1787: Set up system for states to be admitted into the nation; Once a territory reached 60k residents, they could apply to become a state. __Also banned slavery in the northwest territory__.
__Significance__: Only “good” action resulting from the articles of confederation. Allowed for the future expansion of the new nation, and importantly, set new rules for its expansion; Outlawed slavery (In the Northwest) and established public education facilities.
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**Shay’s Rebellion 1786-87**
Period 3)
__Definition__: Rebellion consisting of farmers who were demanding lower taxes, an end to imprisonment if farmers could not pay debts, and a continuation of money printing. this was done as a result of an economic depression following the revolution, which particularly affected farmers.
__Significance__: Because their demands were not being met, farmers closed down tax collection and courts; They even tried to seize weapons from armory. The government under the articles of confederation was not strong enough to deal with this revolution. They were eventually stoped by state militia; However, __this rebellion outlined the inabilities of the articles of confederation to respond to crisis’, as well as the tension between different classes in American society.__ Growing number of individuals who wanted to increase federal power.
__Definition__: Rebellion consisting of farmers who were demanding lower taxes, an end to imprisonment if farmers could not pay debts, and a continuation of money printing. this was done as a result of an economic depression following the revolution, which particularly affected farmers.
__Significance__: Because their demands were not being met, farmers closed down tax collection and courts; They even tried to seize weapons from armory. The government under the articles of confederation was not strong enough to deal with this revolution. They were eventually stoped by state militia; However, __this rebellion outlined the inabilities of the articles of confederation to respond to crisis’, as well as the tension between different classes in American society.__ Growing number of individuals who wanted to increase federal power.
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**Constitutional Convention 1787**
Period 3)
__Definition__: A conference with the sole purpose of revising the articles of confederation to address their inability to respond to internal and external issues.
__Significance__: They quickly decided to form a stronger government and get rid of the articles of confederation; This created some skepticism. Delegates argued over how best to represented states congress (i.e., how to represent both low and high population) and how to deal with the issue of slavery.
\------ Representation
Virginia Plan: Large State Plan; Two bodies of congress, both decided by population size.
New Jersey Plan: Small State Plan; One body of congress with equal representation among states.
Great Compromise: Two bodies of congress, one decided by population, one with equal representation.
\------ Slavery
3/5 Compromise: One slave would count as 3/5 of a person when delegating reps for house.
Slave trade: Could continue until 1808.
Slavery protected in the constitution.
\------ Bill of Rights
Added to secure votes needed to ratify; Explicitly outlined rights of individuals and inability of government to remove.
__Definition__: A conference with the sole purpose of revising the articles of confederation to address their inability to respond to internal and external issues.
__Significance__: They quickly decided to form a stronger government and get rid of the articles of confederation; This created some skepticism. Delegates argued over how best to represented states congress (i.e., how to represent both low and high population) and how to deal with the issue of slavery.
\------ Representation
Virginia Plan: Large State Plan; Two bodies of congress, both decided by population size.
New Jersey Plan: Small State Plan; One body of congress with equal representation among states.
Great Compromise: Two bodies of congress, one decided by population, one with equal representation.
\------ Slavery
3/5 Compromise: One slave would count as 3/5 of a person when delegating reps for house.
Slave trade: Could continue until 1808.
Slavery protected in the constitution.
\------ Bill of Rights
Added to secure votes needed to ratify; Explicitly outlined rights of individuals and inability of government to remove.
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**Colonial Trade**
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**Federalist Papers**
Period 3)
__Definition__: Essays written by Hamilton, Madison, etc… to persuade Americans to support the declaration of independence.
__Significance__: Federalists needed 9/13 states to vote in favor of the new constitution in order for it to pass; These are an example of informational campaigns to increase support for a states vote in favor.
__Definition__: Essays written by Hamilton, Madison, etc… to persuade Americans to support the declaration of independence.
__Significance__: Federalists needed 9/13 states to vote in favor of the new constitution in order for it to pass; These are an example of informational campaigns to increase support for a states vote in favor.
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**Constitution Highlights**
Period 3)
__Definition__:
* Popular Sovereignty.
* Bill of Rights.
* Separation of Powers.
* Checks and Balances.
* States vs National powers.
* Electoral college to limit voters power; feared over-doing democracy.
* Constitution “law of the land.”
__Significance__: The general outline of the constitution prompted enlightened values and set fourth and example for many nations to come; The republican values prompted by the constitution gave America a strong foundation to start off from, however, many jeffersonians were still opposed to the increase in federalism.
__Definition__:
* Popular Sovereignty.
* Bill of Rights.
* Separation of Powers.
* Checks and Balances.
* States vs National powers.
* Electoral college to limit voters power; feared over-doing democracy.
* Constitution “law of the land.”
__Significance__: The general outline of the constitution prompted enlightened values and set fourth and example for many nations to come; The republican values prompted by the constitution gave America a strong foundation to start off from, however, many jeffersonians were still opposed to the increase in federalism.
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**Bill of Rights**
Period 3)
__Definition__: 10 constitutional amendements added to the constitution during the ratification process; alleviated concerns from antifederalists that the stronger central government could repeal these rights in a case of attempted totalitarianism.
__Significance__: An appeasement of anti-federalists concerns, also demonstrating the first compromise between “established” political parties. Moreover, it provided united states citizens with a variety of civil liberties such as freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly (i.e., first amend), and no unreasonable search/seizures.
__Definition__: 10 constitutional amendements added to the constitution during the ratification process; alleviated concerns from antifederalists that the stronger central government could repeal these rights in a case of attempted totalitarianism.
__Significance__: An appeasement of anti-federalists concerns, also demonstrating the first compromise between “established” political parties. Moreover, it provided united states citizens with a variety of civil liberties such as freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly (i.e., first amend), and no unreasonable search/seizures.
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**Alexander Hamiltons Financial Plan**
Period 3)
__Definition__: Plan to stimulate US manufacturing/the economy
1. __Assumption Plan__) Assuming all war debts from states states war debts & address national debt.
2. __Tariff/Tax Plan__) High tariffs on foreign goods to promote US manufacturing & heavily tax certain goods such as whiskey (excise tariff).
3. __National Bank__) Created US national bank to regulate economy and national currency.
__Significance__: Caused enormous controversy among federalists (hamiltonians) and antifederalists (jeffersonians) due to the inherent nature of the plan to increase the power of the federal government, and disproportionately address certain industries. The plan was accused of supporting northern manufacturing and hurting southern farming (i.e., the Tariffs) as it would result in higher overall domestic prices for goods; the tax also hurt farmers as they were the primary producers of whiskey. Moreover, many jeffersonians were concerned with the growing power of the federal government and loose interpretation of the constitution through the creation of the national bank; they argued that as the constitution did not specifically mention a national bank, it should/could not be made.
__Definition__: Plan to stimulate US manufacturing/the economy
1. __Assumption Plan__) Assuming all war debts from states states war debts & address national debt.
2. __Tariff/Tax Plan__) High tariffs on foreign goods to promote US manufacturing & heavily tax certain goods such as whiskey (excise tariff).
3. __National Bank__) Created US national bank to regulate economy and national currency.
__Significance__: Caused enormous controversy among federalists (hamiltonians) and antifederalists (jeffersonians) due to the inherent nature of the plan to increase the power of the federal government, and disproportionately address certain industries. The plan was accused of supporting northern manufacturing and hurting southern farming (i.e., the Tariffs) as it would result in higher overall domestic prices for goods; the tax also hurt farmers as they were the primary producers of whiskey. Moreover, many jeffersonians were concerned with the growing power of the federal government and loose interpretation of the constitution through the creation of the national bank; they argued that as the constitution did not specifically mention a national bank, it should/could not be made.
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**First Two Party System**
Period 3)
__Federalists__:
* Loose interpretation of the constitution
* Favored manufacturing (north)
* Pro central governmental power
* Pro English
__Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans__:
* Strict interpretation of the constitution
* Favored farming (south)
* Pro states power
* Pro French
__Significance__: The first two significant parties in America, especially ironic given the farewell speech advocating the malignancy of political parties by George Washington. This divide in opinion came to encompass all of early American politics, especially issues such as the French Revolution.
__Federalists__:
* Loose interpretation of the constitution
* Favored manufacturing (north)
* Pro central governmental power
* Pro English
__Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans__:
* Strict interpretation of the constitution
* Favored farming (south)
* Pro states power
* Pro French
__Significance__: The first two significant parties in America, especially ironic given the farewell speech advocating the malignancy of political parties by George Washington. This divide in opinion came to encompass all of early American politics, especially issues such as the French Revolution.
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**Whiskey Rebellion**
Period 3)
__Definition__: Hamiltons financial plan added taxes to items such as whiskey, which was produced by southern farmers by distilling corn. A group of farmers rebelled against the tax and began attacking tax collectors; seen as a challenge to the new federal authority (i.e., new financial plan). Washington commanded roughly 15k troops to subdue rebellion.
__Significance__: The show of force by the federal government acted as a continuation of Shay’s Rebellion, in that the federal government was finally able to establish their domestic authority which had been largely considered negligible proceeding the disastrous response to Shay’s Rebellion. Many Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans, notably Jefferson, disagreed with the use of federal power to crush the “little guy,” and was wary of the growing use of power by federalists.
__Definition__: Hamiltons financial plan added taxes to items such as whiskey, which was produced by southern farmers by distilling corn. A group of farmers rebelled against the tax and began attacking tax collectors; seen as a challenge to the new federal authority (i.e., new financial plan). Washington commanded roughly 15k troops to subdue rebellion.
__Significance__: The show of force by the federal government acted as a continuation of Shay’s Rebellion, in that the federal government was finally able to establish their domestic authority which had been largely considered negligible proceeding the disastrous response to Shay’s Rebellion. Many Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans, notably Jefferson, disagreed with the use of federal power to crush the “little guy,” and was wary of the growing use of power by federalists.
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**Proclamation of Neutrality (1973)**
Period 3)
__Definition__: Declared the US as neutral during the French revolutions in the wake of calls for help from the new republic.
__Significance__: Washington believed both that the new nation of France was too weak and that the US was too young for an alliance to support US interests.
Federalists: Sided wish Washington and believed that maintaining the longevity of the nation was the utmost priority; they believed that involving the US in a war against France and potentially aligning America against other European powers like England would ruin the future of the nation.
Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans: Believed that the French were exercising values expressed within the American revolution and that it was the duty of the US to continue to support our allies. They were also positioned against Britain due to continued impressment of sailors.
**Jefferson resigned as Secretary of State in protest of George Washington’s policy**.
__Definition__: Declared the US as neutral during the French revolutions in the wake of calls for help from the new republic.
__Significance__: Washington believed both that the new nation of France was too weak and that the US was too young for an alliance to support US interests.
Federalists: Sided wish Washington and believed that maintaining the longevity of the nation was the utmost priority; they believed that involving the US in a war against France and potentially aligning America against other European powers like England would ruin the future of the nation.
Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans: Believed that the French were exercising values expressed within the American revolution and that it was the duty of the US to continue to support our allies. They were also positioned against Britain due to continued impressment of sailors.
**Jefferson resigned as Secretary of State in protest of George Washington’s policy**.
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**Impressment & British Forts**
Period 3)
__Definition__:
Impressment: England was taking US sailors, voyaging to Europe for trade, and forcing them into the royal navy.
British Forts: Many British forts remained on the frontier, and were actively supplying native groups with weapons to resist colonial expansion; they were required to leave these forts in the Treaty of Paris.
__Significance__: This cause anger towards the British, and many, especially the jeffersonian democratic-republicans, demanded an official US response. This eventually led to Jay’s treaty, which tried, in part, to resolve these issues of discontent with the British; John Jay, the chief justice, was sent to negotiate with the British.
__Definition__:
Impressment: England was taking US sailors, voyaging to Europe for trade, and forcing them into the royal navy.
British Forts: Many British forts remained on the frontier, and were actively supplying native groups with weapons to resist colonial expansion; they were required to leave these forts in the Treaty of Paris.
__Significance__: This cause anger towards the British, and many, especially the jeffersonian democratic-republicans, demanded an official US response. This eventually led to Jay’s treaty, which tried, in part, to resolve these issues of discontent with the British; John Jay, the chief justice, was sent to negotiate with the British.
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**Jay’s Treaty 1794**
Period 3)
__Definition__: A treaty created by John Jay, the chief justice, in response to growing American discontent with British forts/supplying of arms to natives and impressment of American sailors. Through this treaty, the British agreed to vacate these frontier-forts.
__Significance__: While it did address the British presence on the American frontier, this treaty treaty did nothing to address impressment of sailors, and provision of armaments to native groups, two issues which had been of great import when going into debate with the British; so, even though the treaty was able to keep the US out of war, it upset many, specifically jeffersonian democratic-republicans, who thought the US response to British hostilities was lacking in strength and appeared weak.
__Definition__: A treaty created by John Jay, the chief justice, in response to growing American discontent with British forts/supplying of arms to natives and impressment of American sailors. Through this treaty, the British agreed to vacate these frontier-forts.
__Significance__: While it did address the British presence on the American frontier, this treaty treaty did nothing to address impressment of sailors, and provision of armaments to native groups, two issues which had been of great import when going into debate with the British; so, even though the treaty was able to keep the US out of war, it upset many, specifically jeffersonian democratic-republicans, who thought the US response to British hostilities was lacking in strength and appeared weak.
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**Pinckney Treaty 1795**
Period 3)
__Definition__: Thomas Pickney was sent to negotiate with the Spanish who had requested to convene with an American delegation. They wished to reaffirm disputes in the colonies, notably, a baring of use of the Mississippi and New Orleans port (i.e., farmers could “deposit” in New Orleans) and redefine the southwest border between the two nations.
__Significance__: The Spanish, who had previously wished to limit colonial expansion and economic opportunity by disallowing travel and trade on the Mississippi, feared that after withdrawing from the European war against Spain, the British would turn on them in cohorts with the colonies; Jay’s treaty only reaffirmed this, and the Spanish rushed to appease the colonies. Having access to the Mississippi and New Orleans would be incredibly valuable for the United States, especially as it expanded; moreover, disputes with southern colonies and unclear territorial borders with Spain were finally largely resolved.
__Definition__: Thomas Pickney was sent to negotiate with the Spanish who had requested to convene with an American delegation. They wished to reaffirm disputes in the colonies, notably, a baring of use of the Mississippi and New Orleans port (i.e., farmers could “deposit” in New Orleans) and redefine the southwest border between the two nations.
__Significance__: The Spanish, who had previously wished to limit colonial expansion and economic opportunity by disallowing travel and trade on the Mississippi, feared that after withdrawing from the European war against Spain, the British would turn on them in cohorts with the colonies; Jay’s treaty only reaffirmed this, and the Spanish rushed to appease the colonies. Having access to the Mississippi and New Orleans would be incredibly valuable for the United States, especially as it expanded; moreover, disputes with southern colonies and unclear territorial borders with Spain were finally largely resolved.
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**Northwest Confederacy**
Period 3)
__Definition__: An American Indian confederation led by Chief Little Turtle which unified tribes against encroaching American settlers. This had the possibility to be the largest challenge to American longevity, but a failure to properly manage and coordinate the confederation led to their eventual defeat at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
__Significance__: American Indians had been growing increasing restless at the advance of settlers onto their territory, especially after the end of the American revolution; there was no longer a proclamation line of 1763 to stop colonization of their territory. Their defeat marked the end of the largest planned attack against US expansion, and acted as affirmation of the potency of Americans’ ability to move westward.
__Definition__: An American Indian confederation led by Chief Little Turtle which unified tribes against encroaching American settlers. This had the possibility to be the largest challenge to American longevity, but a failure to properly manage and coordinate the confederation led to their eventual defeat at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
__Significance__: American Indians had been growing increasing restless at the advance of settlers onto their territory, especially after the end of the American revolution; there was no longer a proclamation line of 1763 to stop colonization of their territory. Their defeat marked the end of the largest planned attack against US expansion, and acted as affirmation of the potency of Americans’ ability to move westward.
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**Treaty of Greenville (1994)**
Period 3)
__Definition__: Natives groups involved with the Northwest Confederacy were finally defeated and signed this treaty, which gave concessions to America, notably, the Ohio territory.
__Significance__: Marked an end to large organized resistance to settlers advance. This new gained territory would continue to facilitate the movement westward, and affirm the US’s seeming omnipotence over native groups at this time.
__Definition__: Natives groups involved with the Northwest Confederacy were finally defeated and signed this treaty, which gave concessions to America, notably, the Ohio territory.
__Significance__: Marked an end to large organized resistance to settlers advance. This new gained territory would continue to facilitate the movement westward, and affirm the US’s seeming omnipotence over native groups at this time.
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**Washington’s Farewell Address**
Period 3)
__Main Points:__
* Warned against the creation of political parties.
* Warned against permanent alliances and involvement internationally.
__Significance__: Washington feared for the longevity of the nation, and these two points he made would later be contradicted, yet, lead to the rise of many political and social problems for the country.
__Main Points:__
* Warned against the creation of political parties.
* Warned against permanent alliances and involvement internationally.
__Significance__: Washington feared for the longevity of the nation, and these two points he made would later be contradicted, yet, lead to the rise of many political and social problems for the country.
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**XYZ Affair 1798**
Period 3)
__Definition__: France had been seizing American ships trading with England after Jay’s treaty, which they viewed as a violation of trust with America. The US sent diplomats over to France to discuss this unlawful seizure of American property and citizens, but French officials, only known as Official X, Official Y, and Official Z, attempted to get the US to bribe them for negotiations to begin. The US refused to pay the bribe. A Quasi (i.e., unofficial) war began between the French and US at sea, as the French continuing to seize American ships.
__Significance__: Americans were outraged that the French felt they were so insignificant America would have to pay fourth in order to meet with them. This led to huge backlash against the French, some even demanding conflict; however, president John Adams wished to remain neutral and avoid conflict to assure the longevity of the new nation. This led to public disagreement with the lack of force exercised by John Adams, resulting in the passage of the Alien and Sedition acts to augment the political leverage and power held by the federalists; this then resulted in the passage of the Kentucky & Virginia resolves, and overall increased tension between the political parties. Eventually, a compromise was met when Napoleon took over to put an end to the disruption of US trade.
__Definition__: France had been seizing American ships trading with England after Jay’s treaty, which they viewed as a violation of trust with America. The US sent diplomats over to France to discuss this unlawful seizure of American property and citizens, but French officials, only known as Official X, Official Y, and Official Z, attempted to get the US to bribe them for negotiations to begin. The US refused to pay the bribe. A Quasi (i.e., unofficial) war began between the French and US at sea, as the French continuing to seize American ships.
__Significance__: Americans were outraged that the French felt they were so insignificant America would have to pay fourth in order to meet with them. This led to huge backlash against the French, some even demanding conflict; however, president John Adams wished to remain neutral and avoid conflict to assure the longevity of the new nation. This led to public disagreement with the lack of force exercised by John Adams, resulting in the passage of the Alien and Sedition acts to augment the political leverage and power held by the federalists; this then resulted in the passage of the Kentucky & Virginia resolves, and overall increased tension between the political parties. Eventually, a compromise was met when Napoleon took over to put an end to the disruption of US trade.
96
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**Alien and Sedition Acts 1798**
Period 3)
__Definition__: A series of acts passed by the federalist controlled congress to limit the political power of the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans as a response to growing frustration with the federal government over the response to the XYZ affair.
Naturalization Act: increased the time it took for immigrants to become American citizens, and as a result become eligible to vote, from 5 years to 14 years of having lived in the US.
Alien Act: The United States President had the power to deport immigrants whom he believed to be dangerous to the security of the nation.
Sedition Act: Made it illegal to criticize the federal government; notably affected the free press and political opponents of the federalists.
__Significance__: Created and passed by federalists to usher in domestic security; however, these acts were moreso created with the intent to limit the political power of the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans as they severely curtailed the political power of immigrants, who at this time favored the Democratic-Republicans, and also restricted the ability of the press of political opponents of the federalists to criticize their position in power through the Sedition Act. Democratic-Republicans believed that these acts were unconstitutional, and responded with the Kentucky & Virginia resolves, which set fourth the parameter of nullification. Moreover, nullification became a topic of contention at this point, since many believed the federal government had overstepped their power, and states should be able to acknowledge that.
__Definition__: A series of acts passed by the federalist controlled congress to limit the political power of the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans as a response to growing frustration with the federal government over the response to the XYZ affair.
Naturalization Act: increased the time it took for immigrants to become American citizens, and as a result become eligible to vote, from 5 years to 14 years of having lived in the US.
Alien Act: The United States President had the power to deport immigrants whom he believed to be dangerous to the security of the nation.
Sedition Act: Made it illegal to criticize the federal government; notably affected the free press and political opponents of the federalists.
__Significance__: Created and passed by federalists to usher in domestic security; however, these acts were moreso created with the intent to limit the political power of the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans as they severely curtailed the political power of immigrants, who at this time favored the Democratic-Republicans, and also restricted the ability of the press of political opponents of the federalists to criticize their position in power through the Sedition Act. Democratic-Republicans believed that these acts were unconstitutional, and responded with the Kentucky & Virginia resolves, which set fourth the parameter of nullification. Moreover, nullification became a topic of contention at this point, since many believed the federal government had overstepped their power, and states should be able to acknowledge that.
97
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**Kentucky & Virginia Resolves 1798**
Period 3)
__Definition__: Written by Jefferson and Madison so opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts written and passed by federalists in congress. They believed that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional, and within these resolves (i.e., they were two separately written documents) Jefferson and Madison outlined the ability of states to nullify federal laws and regulations which the were believed, by the state, to be unconstitutional.
__Significance__: Jefferson and Madison wanted to respond to the seeming unconstitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which was done through these resolves. The two men still believed strongly that the states should hold more individual power than the federal government, and the Alien and Sedition Acts only reinforced this belief; they believed in a compact theory, in which states made a compact with the federal government (i.e., states were the only reason the federal government had the power, in the same way that the government got power from the people). Moreover, the concept of nullification would greatly impact politics going forward, especially during the civil war era.
__Definition__: Written by Jefferson and Madison so opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts written and passed by federalists in congress. They believed that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional, and within these resolves (i.e., they were two separately written documents) Jefferson and Madison outlined the ability of states to nullify federal laws and regulations which the were believed, by the state, to be unconstitutional.
__Significance__: Jefferson and Madison wanted to respond to the seeming unconstitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which was done through these resolves. The two men still believed strongly that the states should hold more individual power than the federal government, and the Alien and Sedition Acts only reinforced this belief; they believed in a compact theory, in which states made a compact with the federal government (i.e., states were the only reason the federal government had the power, in the same way that the government got power from the people). Moreover, the concept of nullification would greatly impact politics going forward, especially during the civil war era.
98
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**Election of 1800**
Period 4)
__Definition__: John Adam (i.e., federalist) lost to Thomas Jefferson (i.e., Republican), and federalists lost both legislative branches in congress.
__Significance__: While certainly representative of political divide in the nation, this election also signified the potency of the constitution and americas system of governance to effectively pass power down both congressional and executive power peacefully between political parties. Many nations in Europe (e.g., France, England) often had periods of turmoil between periods of political instability caused by a change in leadership. America was able to overcome this challenge; Thomas Jefferson even said in his in his inaugural address that, “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”
__Definition__: John Adam (i.e., federalist) lost to Thomas Jefferson (i.e., Republican), and federalists lost both legislative branches in congress.
__Significance__: While certainly representative of political divide in the nation, this election also signified the potency of the constitution and americas system of governance to effectively pass power down both congressional and executive power peacefully between political parties. Many nations in Europe (e.g., France, England) often had periods of turmoil between periods of political instability caused by a change in leadership. America was able to overcome this challenge; Thomas Jefferson even said in his in his inaugural address that, “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”
99
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**Judiciary Act of 1801**
Period 4)
__Definition__: As the transition to Democratic-Republicans was imminent, federalists quickly passed this act which eliminated the responsibility of the Supreme Court to perform “circuit court duties”, and delegating these responsibilities to a new system of courts packed with federalist appointees. This act was later repealed by the Republican held congress in 1802.
__Significance__: These last minute appointments of federalist judges were known the Midnight appointments. Although the transition of power was cooperative between federalists and republicans, this demonstrates some political tension I the change in congressional majority. This act can also be compared to the court packing scheme by FDR. Most significantly, however, due to the last minute nature of the appointment of federalists in the new positions outlined in this act, William Marbury was unable to receive his position in time before the republicans took control of the government; he then sued James Madison, John Adam’s Secretary of State, and the individual appointing the judges, to receive his appointment.
__Definition__: As the transition to Democratic-Republicans was imminent, federalists quickly passed this act which eliminated the responsibility of the Supreme Court to perform “circuit court duties”, and delegating these responsibilities to a new system of courts packed with federalist appointees. This act was later repealed by the Republican held congress in 1802.
__Significance__: These last minute appointments of federalist judges were known the Midnight appointments. Although the transition of power was cooperative between federalists and republicans, this demonstrates some political tension I the change in congressional majority. This act can also be compared to the court packing scheme by FDR. Most significantly, however, due to the last minute nature of the appointment of federalists in the new positions outlined in this act, William Marbury was unable to receive his position in time before the republicans took control of the government; he then sued James Madison, John Adam’s Secretary of State, and the individual appointing the judges, to receive his appointment.
100
New cards
**Marbury vs Madison 1803**
Period 4)
__Definition__: The supreme court ruled part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 to be unconstitutional; by doing so, the Supreme Court cemented the concept of Judicial Review, which allowed them to declare laws unconstitutional
__Significance__: The Supreme Court was now able to interpret the constitution. This led to a great increase in the power of the judicial branch, and has largely defined the impact of the Supreme Court on American society to this day and age. Moreover, Chief Justice John Martial, who led the decision which gave the court judiciary review would continue to make incredibly significant decisions in the following years.
__Definition__: The supreme court ruled part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 to be unconstitutional; by doing so, the Supreme Court cemented the concept of Judicial Review, which allowed them to declare laws unconstitutional
__Significance__: The Supreme Court was now able to interpret the constitution. This led to a great increase in the power of the judicial branch, and has largely defined the impact of the Supreme Court on American society to this day and age. Moreover, Chief Justice John Martial, who led the decision which gave the court judiciary review would continue to make incredibly significant decisions in the following years.
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Flashcards (25)