A& P II Lecture Chapter 19, 20, 21

Which type of specialized tissue is blood

connective

What two components make up blood

plasma and formed elements

What is the main component of plasma

water

Which formed element is the most abundant in blood

red blood cells

Define hematocrit

percentage of RBCs within a sample of whole blood

What occurs during hematopoiesis

all blood cells are produced and developed from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

List the three major plasma proteins in plasma

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

List the three types of formed elements

RBC, WBC, platelets

Which vein, located superior to the olecranon, is commonly used for venipuncture

medial cubital vein

For what purpose would an arterial puncture be used

blood gas analysis

Which organ synthesizes and releases 90% of plasma proteins

liver

What are erythrocytes

RBCs

Why are RBCs red in color

hemoglobin

Human RBCs do not contain organelles. What cellular process are affected by this

unable to divide, synthesize proteins, or repair damage

What two gases are transported by hemoglobin

oxygen and carbon dioxide

If every protein chain of hemoglobin has a heme associated with it, how many heme molecules and iron molecules are contained in one molecule of hemoglobin

4 heme, 4 iron

What is oxyhemoglobin

formed when iron reversibly binds an oxygen molecule

What is deoxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin that does not carry oxygen

Compare oxygen binding capacities of adult vs fetal hemoglobin

Fetal binds oxygen more readily and takes up oxygen from maternal blood at the placenta

What is carbaminohemoglobin

hemoglobin bound to CO2

What is anemia

condition that results from low hematocrit or reduced Hb content

What is erythropoiesis and where does it occur

RBC formation; embryos: occurs in vessels of embryonic yolk sac; adults: occurs in myeloid tissue (red bone marrow)

Which immature blood cell, accounting for less than 1% of the RBC population is found in the blood

reticulocyte

Which hormone directly stimulates erythropoiesis

erythropoietin (EPO)

What is hypoxia

oxygen in peripheral tissues is low

What is the intrinsic factor and what is is function? Where is it produced?

glycoprotein that plays a critical role in vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine

What is hemolysis

destruction or breakdown of RBCs, leading to the release of hemoglobin into the blood plasma

Define hemoglobinuria

red or brown urine due to high Hb content

Define hematuria

RBCs in the urine due to kidney or blood vessel damage

What is jaundice? What molecule causes the yellowing of the eyes and skin?

yellow coloration of the skin and eyes caused by a buildup of bilirubin

What is iron-deficiency anemia

when your body doesn't have enough iron to produce adequate levels of hemoglobin

Which three of the greater than 50 blood antigens are most important when blood typing?

A, B, D (Rh)

What type of surface antigen does type A have? What type of antibodies?

surface antigen A, anti-B

What type of surface antigen does type B have? What type of antibodies?

surface antigen B, anti-A

What type of surface antigen does type AB have? What type of antibodies?

surface antigen A+B, neither antigen

What type of surface antigen does type O have? What type of antibodies?

neither surface antigen, anti-A+B

If type B blood is mistakenly given to a person with type A blood, what will occur

attack and agglutinate (clump) RBCs displaying foreign antigens

What occurs to RBC if there is a transfusion reaction

hemolysis

What is cross match testing used for

reveals cross reactions between the donors antigens and the recipients plasma antibodies

Universal donor

type O

What is the scientific name for hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

erythroblastosis fetalis

When does HDN occur

incompatibility between fetus and mother blood types

Why doesn't HDN usually occur during a first pregnancy of an RH- mother and Rh+ fetus

very few fetal cells enter the maternal bloodstream and the female's immune system is not stimulates to produce anti-Rh antibodies

What drug is administered to prevent an Rh- mother from being sensitized to an Rh+ baby's antigen during the first pregnancy

RhoGAM

What is diapedesis

WBC move out of the blood vessels and enter surrounding tissues

What is positive chemotaxis

attracted to specific chemical stimuli

What are two groups of WBCs based on their appearance after staining

granular and agranular

List three types of WBC granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

List two types of agranulocytes

monocytes and lymphocytes

Which four types of WBCs are part of the body's non-specific defenses

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

Which three types of WBCs are capable of phagocytosis

neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes

Neutrophils can undergo a respiratory burst. What is a respiratory burst? What two chemicals are released after a respiratory burst occurs?

rapid release of reactive oxygen species when they encounter pathogens: superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide

What two toxic compounds are released by eosinophils

nitric oxide and cytotoxic enzymes

Which two conditions will cause an increased number of eosinophils

parasitic infection, allergic reaction

What two molecules are found in basophil granules

histamine and heparin

What are monocytes called after they enter the tissues

macrophages

What type of adaptive immunity is T lymphocyte related

cell-mediated

What type of adaptive immunity is B lymphocyte related

humoral

What are plasma cells and what do they secrete

antibodies

Which cells carry out immune surveillane and are important for preventing cancer

natural killer cells

Define leukopenia

low WBC count

Define leukocytosis

high WBC count

Leukopoiesis

WBC production

Lymphocytopoiesis

lymphocyte production

What is the scientific name for platelets

thrombocytes

What is the major role of platelets

clotting

What are megakaryocytes

produce and release platelets

What is hemostasis

stopping bleeding

What enzyme converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin

thrombin

Which ion and which vitamin affect almost every aspect of the clotting process

calcium ions and vitamin K

What is fibrinolysis

dissolving the clot

What is thrombocytopenia

platelet count too low

What is hemophilia

inherited bleeding disorder

Whole blood for testing in a clinical laboratory is usually collected from

a superficial vein

Which plasma protein transports fatty acids and some hormones

albumin

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are

albumins

Blood that has clotting proteins removed is termed

serum

You have spent 24 hours traveling from the U.S to New Zealand, on quite a few airplanes with many stops. Because of the stress, changes in time zones, and short blocks of time between planes, you find yourself tired with a headache when you arrive. You are severely dehydrated. A hematocrit value of your blood would be ________ than normal because

________

higher; you have less blood plasma volume

Each molecule of heme contains a single ion of what element

iron

Jane has been taking the antibiotic chloramphenicol for a few weeks as treatment for a serious bacterial infection. There is a possibility that a future side effect of long-term antibiotic therapy could affect the bone marrow leading to severe changes in her hematocrit. The result

is

aplastic anemia (failure to produce red blood cells)

All the circulating red blood cells in a healthy adult originate in the

red bone marrow

Surgical removal of the stomach could cause

pernicious anemia

Eileen is a strict vegan and therefore eats no animal products. She develops an anemia that her doctor thinks is caused by a nutritional deficiency. Which of the following is the likeliest

candidate?

iron-deficiency anemia

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced

anemia

A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin

because

the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin

The waste product bilirubin is produced from

heme molecules lacking iron

________ are immature erythrocytes that are present in the circulation.

reticulocytes

Mrs. Higgins needs to have major surgery. Two weeks before the surgery, her doctor prescribes EPO. Which of the following statements best explains his reason for doing this?

By prescribing EPO, the doctor can stimulate Mrs. Higgins's body to produce an overabundance of RBCs, which can be harvested and saved for her surgery

Red blood cells carry __________ to the lungs and __________ to the tissues

carbon dioxide; oxygen

Antigens of the surface of red blood cells are also called ________ and antibodies in the blood plasma are also called ________

agglutinogens; agglutinins

The clumping of red blood cells, when the specific antibody against the antigen on the cells is added, is

called

agglutination

In an emergency situation when you have no time to wait for cross-matched blood you could give a patient type ________ until the cross-match is

available

O negative

White blood cells that are increased in individuals having an allergic reaction are

the

eosinophils

The most numerous WBCs in a differential count of a healthy individual are

neutrophils

Which of these descriptions best matches the term B lymphocytes?

develop into plasma cells and produce antibodies in response to antigens

Which of these descriptions best matches the term T lymphocytes?

are involved in cell mediated immunity

The blood cells involved in specific immunity are the

lymphocytes

A patient has an infected puncture wound to her foot. Which type of white blood cell would you expect to be elevated in a differential white cell

count?

neutrophils

Antihistamines would work best against which type of WBC

basophil

The function of platelets is to assist in the

process called hemostasis