Artur's "Celebration of Knowledge"

In Vealey's 2024 Mental training in Sports model, what are the four main categories in Mental Skills?

Personal Foundation Skills

Performance Skills

Personal Development Skills

Team Skills

In Vealey's 2024 Mental training in Sports model, what are the three main categories in Mental Health?

Emotional wellbeing

Psychological wellbeing

Social wellbeing

What are the four phases of Vealey's 2024 Mental training?

Education

Acquisition

Practice (use and refine)

Integration/Implementation

When should you implement a psychological skills training program?

in the off-season

In Boompa's (1999) model of sport preparation, what are the seven categories from top to bottom? (NOTE: one category goes along the other 5, and one surrounds the entire model)

What does it mean to be an authentic sport psychologist?

1. When creating a theory, understand first, then attempt a change

2. At the same time, be true to your own personality and character

What are the five main points of authenticity in a sports psychologist?

1. Knowledge of psychology/sport sciences

2. Sport psychology knowledge and experience

3. Knowledge/experience of a specific sport

4. Adapt to context and individuals w/ whom they are working

5. Pursue own excellence in consulting

What are KSA’s?

Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities that a person uses in performance

What is performance psychology?

study/application of human performance psychological principles

aims to help people consistently perform in upper range of capabilities while also enjoying the performance process

What is cultural sport psychology?

focuses on understanding experiences of marginalized groups and offers theory-driven interventions with diverse athletes

What is cultural competence?

being aware, understanding, and able to interact with/respect people of differing cultural backgrounds 

What is intersectionality?

idea that everyone is made up of a unique system of social identities, therefore we experience different forms of oppression, discrimination, and privilege

What is social justice?

everyone deserves equal rights and opportunities in all aspects

What is self confidence?

Feeling of self-assurance & belief in one's power

How can you enhance self confidence?

• Know your strengths

• Focus on what’s in your control

• Look for reasons why you should succeed

• Engage in factual disputing/countering arguments when confidence waivers

• Maintain “right now” focus

• Use positive self-talk and images

• Identify situations where confidence may be challenged and create effective responses to maintain confidence

• Be clear on process/outcome balance for enhancing, regaining, maintaining performance

• Project confidence in body language/other non-verbal behavior

What can stand in the way of self-confidence?

• Perfection is essential

• Catastrophizing (awfulizing)

• Worth depends on achievement

• Personalization (self or other depreciation)

• Fallacy of fairness (low frustration tolerance)

• Blaming (self or others)

• All-or-none thinking (labeling)

• One-trial generalizations

• Shoulds (demandingness)

• Emotional reasoning

What is an explanatory style?

the way an athlete internally responds to and explains both the good and bad events that occur in life

What is permanence explanatory style?

the degree to which one feels events will repeat and continue to affect one’s life either negatively or positively

What is pervasive explanatory style?

the degree to which one feels that a particular experience will generalize to other contexts

What is personalization explanatory style?

the degree to which one sees himself or herself as the primary causal agent in events

What are the three types of explanatory styles?

permanence

pervasive

personalization

What are the misconceptions of confidence?

• Either you have it or you don’t

• Only positive feedback can build confidence

• Success always builds confidence 

• Confidence = outspoken arrogance 

• Mistakes inevitably destroy confidence

What is self efficacy?

person’s belief in their ability to perform tasks and achieve goals

What are five sources of self-confidence?

• enactive mastery experiences

• vicarious experience

• verbal persuasion

• physiological states & emotional states

• imaginal experiences (imagery)

What are Vealey’s (1998) sources of self-confidence in sport?

• physical/mental preparation

• physical self-presentation

• social support

• vicarious experience

• coach’s leadership

• environmental comfort

• situational favorableness

What are labels/constructs for perfectionism?

perfectionists receive judgment based on their skills and performance

ex. “perfectionists” are always the best out of everyone (gets good grades, dances the best, never misses a target, etc.)

What is perfectionism?

need to achieve high, personal standards and a desire to excel in performance

What are desirable aspects of perfectionism?

• Mental preparedness

• Confidence

• Motivation

• Ability to peak under pressure

• Goal setting/concentration

What is positive perfectionism described as?

considered normal, adaptive, healthy

What is negative perfectionism described as?

maladaptive/pathological; associated with dissatisfaction, social dictated standards, fear of failure, unhelpful fear of being judged

What is an adaptive perfectionist?

positive; generalized w/ high levels of organization, self-orientated focus, high personal standards, satisfaction towards goal achievements

higher self esteem

What is a neurotic perfectionist?

negative; someone who emphasizes on experiences of anxiety and fear of failure

What is a maladaptive perfectionist?

negative; more focused on the negative qualities in personal efforts (ex. stress); have a black-and-white view on people, their issues, and themselves (“it’s either good or bad and not in between”)

lower self esteem

What is necessary perfectionism?

high need for mastery/achievement

Improving a skill because you want to master it, not because you want to be perfect

What are social context demands for dance?

expectations from instructors, family, peers

What are physical context demands for dance?

ideal body type for different genres of dance (ex. Ballerinas are socially stigmatized to have tall, slim bodies)

What are technical context demands for dance?

Different genres of dance require emphasis on usage of different body parts/techniques

What are cultural/emotional context demands for dance?

people find different values in dance; also able to express different feelings depending on how the dance is portrayed by the person

What are historical context demands for dance?

dance genres have different origins/historical context

What are collaborative context demands for dance?

relationships between other dancers, choreographers, instructors, the audience

What is achievement goal theory?

An individual’s goal perspective state- task or ego involvement- results from individual differences and situational factors.

What is motivational climate?

environmental factors (task- and ego-involving cues) that lead individuals to construe competence in different ways and pursue different goals

What is the difference in people who strive for mastery and those who strive to beat competition?

Mastery compares to themselves, competitive compare to other competition

How do you describe and adaptive pattern?

high task orientation and ego climate

How do you describe a maladaptive pattern?

ego climate and low perceived ability

What is perceived task involving climate?

coach reinforces effort, cooperation of teammates, learning, and improvement

everyone on team contributes to team success

What is ego-involved climate?

coach punishes mistakes, fosters rivalry among teammates, gives more attention to most talented players

self-handicapping

What is ego involving motivational climate?

anxiety and performance-related worry, handicapping, dropping out of sport

What does TARGET mean?

Task — what is asked to learn/complete)
Authority — kind/frequency of participation in decision making process
Recognition – procedures & practices used to motivate & recognize athletes for progress & achievement 
Grouping – how brought together or kept apart in training & competition 
Evaluation – standards set for athletes’ learning & performance & procedures for monitoring & judging attainment of standards
Timing – appropriateness of time demands placed on learning & performance 

What are three psychological mediators?

Competence, autonomy, and relatedness

What is competence?

When one feels sufficiently efficacious to interact effectively w/ environment

What is autonomy?

percieve that we are acting according to our own volition and have options and choices (we are our own person)

What is relatedness?

viewing relationships w/ important individuals as being supportive and respectful

What is amotivation?

when a person has no sense of personal control w/ respect to sport engagement

no extrinsic/intrinsic reasons for doing activity and no longer sure why they are continuing the sport

What are four ways for extrinsic motivation to be regulated?

External, introjected, identified, integrated

What is external regulation of extrinsic motivation?

(least autonomous) behavior for reward

What is introjected regulation of extrinsic motivation?

participate because you feel like you have to

What is identified regulation of extrinsic motivation?

engage as a means to an end

What is integrated regulation of extrinsic motivation?

doing it because someone thinks it aligns w/ their values/needs

What is self determination theory?

theory that says satisfying autonomy, competence, and relatedness can lead to optimal motivation and psychological health

What is autonomy supportive coaching?

coaching style that encourages athletes to be independent and self-determined

What is Deci’s Theory of Cognitive Evaluation?

theory that says external rewards affect intrinsic motivation, which are dependent on controlling or informational aspects of an event

According to Deci’s Theory of Cognitive Evaluation, what happens if an event is meant to control behavior?

autonomy/intrinsic motivation decrease

extrinsic motivation increases

According to Deci’s Theory of Cognitive Evaluation, what happens if an event is not meant to control behavior?

autonomy/intrinsic motivation remain high

extrinsic motivation is unaffected

According to Deci’s Theory of Cognitive Evaluation, what happens if an event is meant to inform competence?

competence and intrinsic motivation increase

According to Deci’s Theory of Cognitive Evaluation, what happens if an event is not meant to inform competence?

competence and intrinsic motivation decrease

What does Harter’s (1978) Competence Motivation theory entail?

innate motivation leads to task mastery

According to Harter’s (1978) Competence Motivation theory, what does a successful attempt look like?

Self-efficacy → high competence motivation → persistence

According to Harter’s (1978) Competence Motivation theory, what does a unsuccessful attempt look like?

negative affect/feeling incompetent → low competence motivation → fewer mastery attempts → losing motivation/drop out

What is trait vs. state?

Trait = typical style of behavior (part of personality)
state = situation effects on behavior (“right now” feeling)

What is emotional intelligence?

personality trait or learned ability to regulate emotions/interpersonal behavior (trait vs. skill; social intelligence)

What do the ACSI-28 subscales measure in cognitive strategies and success?

1. coping w/ adversity

2. peaking under pressure

3. goal setting/mental prep

4. concentration

5. freedom from worry

6. confidence/achievement motivation

7. coachability

What is a personality paradox?

range of personality styles that are available to be used in different contexts

static traits lose prominence and behaviors fluctuate around multiple polarized attributes

What does CAPS entail?

cognitive strategies reflect behavior aspect of personality and interact with personality traits

What are the cognitive strategies in CAPS?

• Encoding

• Expectations/beliefs

• Emotions

• Goals/values

• Self-regulation/competence

What is OCEAN?

the broad dimensions of personality

1. Openness

2. Conscientiousness

3. Extraversion

4. Agreeableness

   1. Neuroticism

What is flow?

the state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else around them matters, even during extreme challenges

What do flow and peak performance share?

• both involve concentration on task

• be in control without trying

• time = weird

• doing activity because enjoyable

• performing w/o concern of self evaluations

• challenge = skill (equal match)

• activity immersion

• relax/focus on present

What are limitations of peak performance research?

• correlation studies have no evidence of casuality

• psychological skills vs. sport skill/ability level hypothesis

• response bias due to previous knowledge of peak performance

• retrospective/recall bias (how reliable is data?)

How is flow experienced by elite athletes? (Jackson, 1996)

• challenge/skill balance

• absorption in activity

• clear goals

• unambiguous feedback

• concentration

• paradox of control

• loss of self consciousness (in tune)

• enjoyable experience

• Transformation of time

What is selective attention?

capacity to focus on one element and ignore others

What is vigilance?

maintaining constant level of attention

What are allocating attention also called?

shifts

What is goal-focused attention?

keeping specific goal/task in mind despite distractions

What is meta awareness?

ability to track the quality of one’s own awareness

What is mindfulness training?

general attention training

What is “don’t think of a pink elephant” an example of?

ironic effect

What is choking?

mix of poor focus/heightened anxiety from overthinking, self consciousness, and trying to hard to control skill execution

What is a clutch performance?

psychological state associated w/ peak performance

involves deliberate focus, heightened awareness of situational demands, and intense effort

In what situations are the amount of attention dependent?

• dual tasks (primary vs secondary)

• number of stimuli

• level of anticipation

• sport/concentration training and experience

• neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine)

• arousal level (cue utilization)

• stage of learning

What is Nideffer’s (1976) theory of attention?

width = broad vs. narrow attentional focus
direction = internal vs. external attentional focus
B/E = assess
B/I = analyze
N/E = perform
N/I = rehearse

What is arousal?

general state of physiological and psychological alertness/readiness

What is activation?

readiness of particular systems in body/mind for a task

What is task specific activation?

focusing attention/readiness for particular action

What is cognitive activation?

focusing attention/cognitive resources on challenge

How do arousal and activation go hand in hand?

increased arousal/activation stem from high levels of stress (physical tension)

excessive muscular tension interferes execution of skill (prevents coordinating movement appropriately)

What are competitive stressors?

demands associated with competitive performance

What are organization stressors?

demands associated with sports organization

What are personal stressors?

demands associated with personal life

What is state anxiety?

immediate emotional state characterized by apprehension, fear, tension, increase in physiological arousal