Biochem Exam 1

What increases the rate of reactions?

Enzymes

Hydration is surrounded by?

H2O

Hydrophillic

water loving

Hydrophobic

water hating

Hydrophobic effect

Tendency of water to minimize its contact with hydrophobic molecules

Polar head; non-polar tail

Detergent, fatty acids, lipids

Proteins

polar and hydrophobic regions

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable barrier

What is proportional to concentration of solute

Osmosis

What involves both osmosis and diffusion?

Dialysis

Delta G < 0

exergonic spontaneous reaction

Delta G > 0

endergonic spontaneous reaction

Delta G = 0

equilibrium

pH equation

pH = -log[H+]

pOH equation

pOH = -log[OH-]

Acid

Donate proton

Base

Accept proton

pKa equation

pKa = -logKa

Stronger weak acid -> Greater Ka ->

Smaller pKa

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA]

pH = pK

midway point in titration curve

Zwitterion

a molecule or ion having separate positively and negatively charged groups.

non polar amino acids

Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Proline

polar amino acids

Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Tyrosine, Asparagine, Glutamine

charged amino acids

aspartate, glutamate, lysine, arginine, histidine

Tyrosine pKr

10.46 (phenol)

Cysteine pKr

8.37 (sulfhydryl)

Lysine pKr

10.54

Arginine pKr

12.48 (guanidino)

Histidine pKr

6.04

Aspartic acid pKr

3.90

Glutamic acid pKr

4.07

which AA forms disulfide bridges?

Cysteine

What can trypsin cleave?

Arg and Lys

What can CnBr cleave?

C-side of Met

What can chymotrypsin cleave?

C-side of Phe, Tyr, Trp

What can CP do?

Puts Ser on C-terminal

What does PITC do?

Puts Leu on N-terminal

Condensation

increases biological complexity

Hydrolysis

decreases biological complexity

Evolution is ____

Not goal directed

Evolution is ____

constrained by its past

Evolution is ____

ongoing

Compartmentation

sequestering into a vesicle; has ability to catalyzed reactions

at equilibrium

DeltaG = -RTlnKeq

When does a reaction become non-spontaneous

DeltaG = 0

Equation to remember

G = deltaG + RTlnk

Dialysis

Soluble molecules move across semipermeable membranes from high to low concentrations

When two solid compounds are mixed, an explosion occurred. You can feel the heat and see smoke in the air. Describe the thermal dynamic changes.

A spontaneous reaction with decrease in enthalpy and increase in entropy

True or False? If both deltaH and deltaS are positive, you must consider the temperature in deciding if the reation is spontaneous.

True

Two chemical compounds are mixed in a glass container which you hold in your hand. Now you feel that the container is becoming cold. Describe the change.

increase in enthalpy

Endothermic

Absorbs heat; non-spontaneous

Exothermic

Releases heat; spontaneous

pKa > pH

protonated

pKa < pH

deprotonated