Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 15e (Madigan et al.) Chapter 1 The Microbial World

C) Microbial cells include both bacteria and viruses.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Microbial cells can exist as single cells.

B) Microbial cells carry out their life processes of growth independently.

C) Microbial cells include both bacteria and viruses.

D) Microbial cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane.

A) Microorganisms are significant contributors to the total biomass on Earth.

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Microorganisms are significant contributors to the total biomass on Earth.

B) Microorganisms represent a much smaller amount of Earth's biomass than plants.

C) Microorganisms represent a much smaller amount of Earth's biomass than animals.

D) Microorganisms are significant in number, but not in overall biomass.

B) evolution.

Differential selection and reproduction of phenotypes occurs during a process called?

A) cellular differentiation.

B) evolution.

C) growth.

D) transformation.

D) Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

In what/which domain(s) of life is/are microorganisms represented?

A) Archaea

B) Bacteria

C) Eukarya

D) Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

D) enzymes.

Biological catalysts involved in the acceleration of the rate of chemical reactions are called

A) catalytic converters.

B) growth agents.

C) evolutionary molecules.

D) enzymes.

A) microbial life existed for billions of years before plant and animal life.

6) Regarding early life on Earth

A) microbial life existed for billions of years before plant and animal life.

B) microbial life existed long before animals but has been around for about the same amount of time as plants.

C) microbial life, plant life, and animal life all appeared at about the same time.

D) it is impossible to determine which type of life first appeared.

B) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.

7) The person who described the "wee animalcules" was

A) Robert Hooke.

B) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.

C) Louis Pasteur.

D) Ferdinand Cohn.

C) Robert Koch

8) Walther Hesse and ________ pioneered the use of agar as a solidifying agent.

A) Louis Pasteur

B) Ferdinand Cohn

C) Robert Koch

D) Sergei Winogradsky

B) evolution

9) Which of the following is/are characteristic of all cellular organisms?

A) communication

B) evolution

C) motility

D) communication, evolution, and motility

D) They lack ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

10) Deduce why viruses are excluded from the ribosomal RNA—based tree of life.

A) Some viruses contain multiple strands of RNA.

B) Their genetic elements cannot be sequenced.

C) They can infect other organisms, which complicates the genetic comparisons.

D) They lack ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

D) anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies.

11) Louis Pasteur developed the vaccine(s) for

A) anthrax only.

B) fowl cholera only.

C) rabies only.

D) anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies.

A) industrial microbiology.

12) The discovery of antibiotics and other important chemicals led to the field of

A) industrial microbiology.

B) agricultural microbiology.

C) marine microbiology.

D) aquatic microbiology.

C) kill all microbes in or on objects.

13) Microbial sterilization is used to

A) decrease the possibility of contaminants growing in a culture.

B) kill bacteria but not necessarily viruses or other microbes.

C) kill all microbes in or on objects.

D) clean a work area.

A) Petri dishes.

14) Transparent double-sided dishes used for growing microbes are most commonly called

A) Petri dishes.

B) baker dishes.

C) sterilization plates.

D) culture medium plates.

B) nodules / rumens

15) Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation in plants live in ________, while those playing a role in the digestive tract of certain herbivores live in ________.

A) rumens / nodules

B) nodules / rumens

C) nodules / fortrans

D) fortrans / rumens

B) developed enrichment culture techniques

16) Which of the following is NOT an accomplishment of Louis Pasteur?

A) determined that the alcohol-making process was mediated by microbial fermentation and thus refuted the theory of spontaneous generation

B) developed enrichment culture techniques

C) developed heat sterilization techniques that involved the creation of a specialized swan-necked flask

D) developed the first rabies vaccine and treated thousands of individuals

A) Louis Pasteur.

17) The theory of spontaneous generation was refuted by the work of

A) Louis Pasteur.

B) Robert Koch.

C) Robert Hooke.

D) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.

A) swan neck to prevent particulate matter from getting into the main body of the flask.

18) A Pasteur flask has a(n)

A) swan neck to prevent particulate matter from getting into the main body of the flask.

B) double neck so two substances may be added at the same time.

C) secondary opening at the base to allow for drainage.

D) inverted upper edge to prevent spillage while swirling.

C) Pasteur's flasks never would have putrefied, and the experiment would not have refuted spontaneous generation.

19) Predict how Pasteur's conclusions on spontaneous generation with swan flasks would have changed if he worked with and maintained the flasks in a sterile laminar flow hood.

A) Sterilization of the swan flask solutions would not have been necessary to reject spontaneous generation. If he did sterilize the flasks, the spontaneous generation hypothesis would have been supported.

B) His incubation times would not have been sufficient to refute spontaneous generation.

C) Pasteur's flasks never would have putrefied, and the experiment would not have refuted spontaneous generation.

D) Viruses would have still been present, and his conclusion would have been unchanged.

B) is a population of identical cells.

20) A pure culture

A) is sterile.

B) is a population of identical cells.

C) is made of a clearly defined chemical medium.

D) contains one microbial cell.

D) green algae, certain nitrogen-fixing root nodule bacteria, and certain sulfate-reducing bacteria.

21) Martinus Beijerinck was the first to isolate

A) green algae.

B) certain nitrogen-fixing root nodule bacteria.

C) certain sulfate-reducing bacteria.

D) green algae, certain nitrogen-fixing root nodule bacteria, and certain sulfate-reducing bacteria.

B) oxidation of inorganic compounds.

22) Chemolithotrophy involves

A) oxidation of organic compounds.

B) oxidation of inorganic compounds.

C) reduction of organic compounds.

D) metabolic autotrophy.

D) Robert Koch.

23) Developments in the fields of immunology and medical microbiology were practical extensions of the work of

A) Sergei Winogradsky.

B) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.

C) Joseph Lister.

D) Robert Koch.

B) aquatic microbiology.

24) Microbial control in wastewaters would most logically be a part of

A) microbial genetics.

B) aquatic microbiology.

C) medical microbiology.

D) bacterial energetics.

D) develop the tuberculin test, formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease, and use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media.

25) Robert Koch contributed to the field of microbiology by being the first person to

A) develop the tuberculin test only.

B) formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease only.

C) use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media only.

D) develop the tuberculin test, formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease, and use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media.

C) large amounts of a waxlike lipids present in its cell wall.

26) Mycobacterium tuberculosis is very difficult to stain because of the

A) presence of ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

B) location of the DNA within the cell.

C) large amounts of a waxlike lipids present in its cell wall.

D) lack of a cell wall.

B) the rabies vaccine.

27) Louis Pasteur's most famous success was his work on

A) Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

B) the rabies vaccine.

C) optical isomers.

D) cultivation of E. coli.

D) carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.

28) Microorganisms play key roles in the cycling of important nutrients in plant nutrition, particularly those of

A) carbon only.

B) nitrogen only.

C) sulfur only.

D) carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.

D) microorganisms in their natural environments.

29) Microbial ecology is the study of

A) microbial processes in the rhizosphere that benefit plant growth.

B) the diversity and activities of microorganisms.

C) the grouping and classifying of microorganisms.

D) microorganisms in their natural environments.

B) cell wall.

30) The structure that confers structural strength on the cell is known as the

A) cytoplasmic membrane.

B) cell wall.

C) ribosome.

D) cytoplasm.

D) semipermeable

31) A microbial cell's membrane is considered ________, because its internal constituents are maintained within the cell. However, it also imports and exports other molecules in response to its environment.

A) differential

B) microselective

C) rigid

D) semipermeable

A) differentiation

32) Some microorganisms can undergo ________ in which various cell types can become specialized and arise from one parent cell type.

A) differentiation

B) genetic exchange

C) maturation

D) mutagensis

B) cyanobacteria / oxygen

33) Cyanobacteria and purple sulfur bacteria both obtain energy from light. However, only the ________ are capable of releasing ________.

A) cyanobacteria / organic compounds

B) cyanobacteria / oxygen

C) purple bacteria / organic compounds

D) purple bacteria / oxygen

D) bioremediation.

34) The process whereby microorganisms are used to help clean up pollution created by human activities is known as

A) bioaugmentation.

B) biodegradation.

C) bioengineering.

D) bioremediation.

B) identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis.

35) Robert Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for

A) developing a smallpox vaccination.

B) identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis.

C) making an effective rabies vaccine.

D) developing a smallpox vaccination, identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis, and making an effective rabies vaccine.

C) form endospores.

36) Bacillus anthracis deficient in its ability to differentiate would not be able to

A) chemotax towards growth substrates.

B) create vesicles.

C) form endospores.

D) grow without additional supplemented nutrients.

D) biomolecules / functions

37) Microbial biochemistry most specifically involves the discovery of microbial ________ and the ________ they perform.

A) organelles / diffusion

B) enzymes / organelles

C) reactions / enzymes

D) biomolecules / functions

B) 3.8 to 4.3

38) Microbial cells first evolved on Earth approximately ________ billion years ago.

A) 1.6 to 1.8

B) 3.8 to 4.3

C) 5.4 to 5.6

D) 7.0 to 7.2

C) Bacillus anthracis / endospores

39) The disease anthrax is caused by the pathogenic bacterium ________, which produces heat-resistant structures known as ________.

A) Azotobacter chroococcum / endospores

B) Azotobacter chroococcum / plasmids

C) Bacillus anthracis / endospores

D) Bacillus anthracis / plasmids

40) The first documented description of a microorganism was of a ________ by ________.

A) bacterium / Ferdinand Cohn

B) fungus / Robert Koch

C) mold / Robert Hooke

D) yeast / Martinus Beijerinck

D) Ethanol / industrial microbiologists

41) ________ produced by microbial fermentation of glucose from cellulose or cornstarch is becoming a more important component of biofuels in the United States, and specialized ________ are needed to make this a commercially available product.

A) Biodiesel / biotechnologists

B) Biodiesel / industrial microbiologists

C) Ethanol / biotechnologists

D) Ethanol / industrial microbiologists

C) Robert Hooke / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

42) ________ was the first to describe microorganisms, while ________ was the first person to see bacteria.

A) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Hook

B) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Koch

C) Robert Hooke / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

D) Robert Koch / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

B) biotechnology

43) The production of human proteins (e.g., insulin) by genetically engineered microorganisms is an example of ________, a subdiscipline of microbiology.

A) applied microbiology

B) biotechnology

C) industrial microbiology

D) molecular microbiology

C) cyanobacteria

44) Approximately two billion years ago, ________ were primarily responsible for initially oxygenating Earth.

A) algae

B) Archaea

C) cyanobacteria

D) purple sulfur bacteria

D) nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles

45) Archaea and Bacteria are unified as prokaryotes in lacking ________ which Eukarya contain, such as mitochondria.

A) membranes

B) nuclei

C) membrane-enclosed organelles

D) nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles

A) accelerates the natural cleanup process

46) Bioremediation ________ by introducing pollutant-consuming microorganisms or specific nutrients that help microorganisms degrade pollutants.

A) accelerates the natural cleanup process

B) exploits genetic exchange mechanisms

C) invokes microbial evolution

D) uses chemotaxis of biodegrading microorganisms

D) Sergei Winogradsky / chemolithotrophy

47) ________ was the first to identify a new form of autotrophy in which energy is obtained from oxidizing inorganic compounds called ________.

A) Martinus Beijerinck / heteroautotrophy

B) Martinus Beijerinck / chemolithotrophy

C) Sergei Winogradsky / heteroautotrophy

D) Sergei Winogradsky / chemolithotrophy

C) resolution

48) Electron microscopy has greater ________ than light microscopy, because the wavelength of visible light is much larger than the wavelength of electrons.

A) contrast

B) magnification

C) resolution

D) penetration

A) phase-contrast microscopy

49) Which of the following types of microscopy is especially effective for viewing details of internal structures within live cells?

A) phase-contrast microscopy

B) transmission electron microscopy

C) bright-field microscopy

D) scanning electron microscopy

B) transmission electron microscopy

50) Which of the following types of microscopy could be used to visualize the layers of the cell membrane and the cell wall?

A) phase-contrast microscopy

B) transmission electron microscopy

C) bright-field microscopy

D) confocal microscopy

D) Koch

51) Who was the first researcher to provide direct experimental data that supported the germ theory to explain infectious disease?

A) Pasteur

B) Winogradsky

C) Lister

D) Koch

D) communities

When medical devices are left in the body, bacteria may grow on them as ________, which makes them especially resistant to treatment.

A) biofilms

B) liquids

C) populations

D) communities

C) called extremophiles.

Microbes that live at high temperatures in hot springs are ________.

A) always Archaea.

B) also able to thrive at low temperatures.

C) called extremophiles.

D) rarely found

C) industrial ecology

What field focuses specifically on the use of microbes to make products, such as antibiotics, on a large scale?

A) microbial ecology

B) biotechnology

C) industrial ecology

D) medical microbiology

A) Most microbes are pathogenic.

55) Which statement about the relationship between microbes and humans is FALSE?

A) Most microbes are pathogenic.

B) Infectious disease is an important public health concern.

C) Bacteria in the digestive tract are important for digestion.

D) Microbes in root nodules fix nitrogen and allow plants to make nitrogen-rich products.

B) It is highly conserved.

Why is ribosomal RNA especially useful for the study of phylogenetic relationships?

A) It is only found in some species, helping to distinguish them from others.

B) It is highly conserved.

C) It is highly variable.

D) It is extremely short.

A) It allows researchers to identify species that cannot be grown in culture.

Why is it important to use cultivation-independent methods to help understand microbial diversity?

A) It allows researchers to identify species that cannot be grown in culture.

B) It is the only way that phylogenetic trees can be constructed.

C) It must be used after bacteria are cultured to more fully sequence their DNA.

D) It is necessary to be able to examine ribosomal RNA.

FALSE

True/False

Most microorganisms are pathogenic.

FALSE

True/False
All microorganisms require molecular oxygen to carry on life functions.

TRUE

True/False
Metabolism is a unifying characteristic of all cellular organisms.

FALSE

True/False

According to our present understanding, each of the three major domains has what is known as its own universal ancestor.

TRUE

True/False

Both environmental conditions and nutrient resources strongly influence the composition of a microbial community.

TRUE

True/False

The environment in which a microbial population lives is called its habitat.

FALSE

True/False

Differentiation occurs only in multicellular organisms.

TRUE

True/False

The discipline of microbiology is intimately associated with biochemistry and genetics, because cells are both biochemical catalysts and genetic coding devices.

TRUE

True/False

Today, the enrichment culture technique developed over a century ago by Martinus Beijerinck remains a feasible approach to discovering bacteria capable of degrading pollutants.

TRUE

True/False

Sergei Winogradsky worked with bacteria involved in cycling nitrogen and sulfur.

FALSE

True/False

Treponema pallidum, a bacterium associated with syphilis, is not considered a pathogen because to date it remains unculturable in the lab, and, therefore, Koch's postulates are unable to be fulfilled.

TRUE

True/False

Not only do some microorganisms tolerate extremely hot temperatures, some actually require high temperatures for optimal growth.

FALSE

True/False

Electron microscopes have less resolving power (resolution) than light microscopes.