product design paper 1 technical principles

1st Angle Orthographic Projection

Front, plan, end elevations.
Standardised method for relative position of elevations, dimensions and scale.
First angle are opposite side from view point

3rd angle orthographic projection

Third angle view are on same side as viewpoint
See 1st angle for more description

6Rs

reduce, reuse, recycle, refuse, repair, rethink§

ABS

A thermoplastic used for computer housing. Very tough, can be opaque, hard

Acrylic spray paints

fast-drying water soluble paint that becomes water resistant to add weathering/UV protection and enhance aesthetics. Can be pigmented

Acrylic varnish

A wood finish which is clear and allows the wood's natural grain to show, it provides a hard, tough and heat/waterproof finish. Applied in direction of wood grain. Several thin coats can be applied with the wood being rubbed down between coats

Additives for polymers - lubricants

Wax to molten polymer makes it less sticky (reduces viscosity) allowing more intricate shapes to be formed. Can also make moulding temperature lower- save energy

Additives for polymers: thermal antioxidants

Prevent polymer oxidising or discolouring due to the heat given off during processing

Aesthetics

The features of a product that make it appealing.
Shape, form, size
Design movements

Air seasoning

Wood stacked in shelter, air circulates around planks to remove moisture, slow process- wood used in outdoor products

Alloy

A metal made from 2 or more metals

Aluminium

A non ferrous metal used for lining drinks cans. Lightweight, ductile, malleable. Electrical and thermal conductor

Aluminium composite board

A composite which is lightweight and rigid. It is good at absorbing vibrations and sound. It is mostly used for signs.

Annealing

A metal enhancement used to make metal easier to work with, make it less brittle and more ductile. Heated and cooled slowly

Anodising

Electric current in moves through sulphuric acid (electrolyte) to negative cathode (where product is). This builds up an aluminium oxide layer on the product creating an anodised finish (this can have a clear lacquer added to seal the finish). Typical use is creating the outer casing for mobile phones.

Anthropometric percentiles

5th to 95th percentile

Anthropometrics

Body measurements: height, hand size, grip strength etc

Anthropomorphism

Designing a product based on human proportions. Recognisably human characteristics within design

Antioxidants

Help reduce environmental degradation of polymer due to exposure to oxygen which can make it brittle

Antistatics in polymers

Reduces the build up of static on plastics (as they can be electrical insulators)

Aeroply

Plywood type. Available in thin sheets= lightweight and easy to bend around support frame. Used in gliders and laminated furniture

Ash

A hardwood. Tough, open grained- makes it flexible. Used in ladders and laminating

Bar chart

Simplest way of showing data
Used in different reports in media

Barcodes and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags

Facilitate the transfer of components and stock information by scanning. This tells us the levels or product thus reducing waste and helps establish the change in demand of some products

Barrel nut and bolt

Bolt is inserted through other piece of timber and tightened into cross dowels. Used for flat pack timber.

Batch production

Producing a small number of products at one time usually 100s to 1000s. Efficient and cost effective. CNC, jigs, fixtures can be used to speed up manufacturing process. E.g. wooden furniture

Beech

A hardwood. Tough and close grained. Available in steamed white colour or in steamed pink tinge. Used in chairs and steam bent laminated furniture

Bending (metals)

A metal forming process which bends metal sheet into 90 or 45 degree angles. Metal sheet placed over die. Hydraulic punch pushes down on sheet pushing it into die. Large scale batch production

Bending (paper)

A paper forming process which uses a folding table to bend the paper or board on a creased line

Bio batch additives

help reduce the degradation time using oxy-degradable, photo-degradable and hydro-degradable additives

Biodegradable plasticisers

Make the polymer more flexible, softer and easier to break down

Biodegradable polymer - degradation

Happens in presence of:
Light
Oxygen
Water
Occurs due to microorganisms

Biopol

A biodegradable polymer used for packaging film. It is added to thermoplastics to promote degradation

Birch

A hardwood. Hard and closed grained. Allows it to resist warping. Used in furniture and veneers

Bleached card

A card which has been chemically treated to give it a lighter colour. Mostly used in greeting cards and high quality packaging

Bleaching agents

Chemicals used to whiten paper

Bleedproof paper

A paper similar to cartridge paper, but has a layer on top to avoid colours running. Usually used for marker rendering

Block models

Testing aspects of mechanism and intended form of product. Quick

Blow moulding

A polymer process used to manufacture water bottles (HDPE, PP). Polymer fed into hopper, Archimedean screw pulls polymer melting it - then extruded as tube (parison), mould slices around tube and air is injected into mould forcing polymer to sides. Polymer cooled and removed and excess trimmed. Continuous production

Blow moulding advantages and disadvantages

• low labour costs
• large manufacturing times (100-2500 per hour)
• high machinery and tooling costs

Bought in components

When parts of a product are bought in e.g. bike gears, as it is not economical for the business to do it themselves. Can be bought in bulk

Bow

Wood distortion

Brass

A non-ferrous alloy used for old fashioned taps. Corrosion resistant, good electrical and thermal conductor. Low melting point and casts well

Brazing

A metal joining process. Uses lower temperature than welding and not as strong. Ideal for fabrication purposes. Brass used as filler rod. Products like ornamental lights are made using this method

Bronze

A non ferrous alloy used for coins. Tough, corrosion resistant, can be cast

BSI

British Standards Institute. Ensures products are well produced, safe, fit for purpose

Buffer zones

Prevent bottlenecks in assembly line
Temporary storage in production line for partially completed products

Butadiene rubber

A elastomer used for shoe soles. Tough, thermal and wear resistance, electrical insulator

Butt

A wood joint which glues together two flat edges. Relies on adhesives such as PVA

CAD

Computer Aided Design -uses computers to design and develop products

Calendaring

Thermoplastic pellets heated into dough consistency and extruded through heated rollers which squash and stretch it. Cooled by cooling rollers and chopped into stock sizes. Makes thin film.
Typically continuous production

CAM

Computer aided manufacture. Uses computer controlled equipment to machine materials

Cam lock connectors

Metal dowel that is screwed into one of the pieces by inserting a screwdriver. Cam is the disk that rotated and locks the dowel in place.

Carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP)

A composite which is lightweight and used for bicycle frames. It is tough, hard and has a good compressive strength. It is also corrosive resistant

Carbursing

Exposing metal (low carbon steel) to carbon sealed ceramic box at high temperature (930-950˚C) allowing carbon to diffuse into material structure and increase surface hardness

Cartridge paper

An off-white paper which a textured surface used for sketching and rendering. Can also be used for printing

Case hardening

A ferrous metal uses for machine parts. Hard outer skin but brittle at core. Good under compression

Cathodic protection

Controls rate of corrosion. Sacrificial metal coated over metal so that outer metal corrodes protecting the inner metal (sacrificial anode). Impressed current- component being protected connected to electrical power supply. Electrodes buried underground sends D.C. to object (electrode is cathode and product now anode). This means the cathode corrodes overtime not the product.

Caution

COSHH symbol

Cedar

A softwood. Straight grain, corrodes ferrous metals as it is acidic. It has low density thus lightweight. Good sound dampening, rot and insect resistance. Used in interior panelling and exterior cladding

Cellulose acetate

A polymer sheet used for photographic film. Transparent and naturally biodegrades

Cellulose / acrylic paint (metal)

Metal cleaned and degreased to let the primer have grip. Undercoat is then applied (similar colour to top coat). Top coat (paints) applied by brush or spray. This can provide a colourful and textured finish

CE mark

A label showing a product conforms to EU regulations

Chipboard

Wood chips compressed with a resin such as urea formaldehyde. Often veneered or laminated. Used in kitchen worktops, flat pack furniture

CNC

Program converted from CAD files - uses special codes to control CAM equipment

CNC milling (metal)

A metal wasting process used to cut the edges of a piece of metal. Metal clamped to table of machine. Can run on X direction (left to right horizontally), Y direction (forwards and backwards horizontally), and Z direction (up and down vertically). Cuts slots, shapes edges, and or threads holes.

Coolant helps improve tool life.

CNC plotter cutting

Cut out shapes in compliant materials - self adhesive vinyl. X&Y profiles from 2D CAD files. Usually for GRAPHICS APPLICATIONS. Plotter moves sheet in and out (Y) while cutter moves side to side (X)

CNC turning

CNC lathes turn plastic and wood to create an x and y axis profile
Tools are automatically changed
Usually teamed w milling machines and robot arms

Coach bolt

Typically screw for wood with thread at bottom. Near head of screw there is a square piece that digs into wood stopping screw from turning thus making a strong fit.

Collaborative design

Working in a design team and sharing expertise, either face to face or virtually using videoconferencing and other file-sharing platforms

Colour wash

A wood finish which colours a wood without hiding the grain. Applied with wet sponge

Comb/finger joint

A wood joint which has an odd number of combs. Used to make boxes. Pieces interlock. Increase surface area for pieces to be glued

Compliant material

A material which can be scored, cut and folded with basic materials

Compression moulding

A polymer process used to mould thermoset polymers. (urea formaldehyde…). Pre-weighed polymer (slug) placed between preheated moulds. Hydraulic press presses moulds together ensuring polymer takes shape. Moulds held to ensure thermoset cures. Ejector pins remove polymer from mould. Edges trimmed.

Computational fluid dynamics

A virtual modelling tool used to stimulate the flow of fluids and gases in or arounds a product - using CAD software.

Concept modelling

Modelling an idea or concept In order to make decisions and (dis)prove any predictions

Concrete

Good compressive strength but not tensile. Easy to mould. Pathways, beams, blocks driveways

Conductivity test

Measures the material's ability to transfer energy, both thermal (heat) or electrical

Consumer protection act (1987)

The act which safeguards consumer from products which do not reach a reasonable level of safety

Consumer rights act (2015)

Safeguards consumers from faulty products by giving them certain rights
PT1 goods to be of good quality
PT2 ensuring contracts are fair and transparent

Contact adhesive

An adhesive used for larger areas (e.g. sheet metal) and can be used to connect different materials. It is applied and then left until surface becomes tacky

Copper

A non ferrous metal used for electrical wires. Ductile, malleable, tough, corrosion resistance

Copyright

A legal right that provides protection for a designer work for up to 70 years after their death. Allows management of permission for others to use work

Corn starch polymers

A biodegradable polymer used for straws and disposable cutlery. Made from high starch vegetables

Corporate identity

Branding that creates the company's public image. Protected via registered trademarks

Corrosion test

A test to see how well a material resists corrosion when exposed to environmental conditions

Corrosive

COSHH symbol

Corrugated cardboard

A board used for most packaging boxes, is fairly impact resistant and brown in colour

COSHH 2002 regulation

Control of substances hazardous to health
Prevents, reduces, controls people's exposure to hazardous substances in the workplace. For example fumes from brazing paints, varnishes

Creasing

A paper forming process which uses the blunt rule in die cutting to create a creased line in the paper

Cup

Wood distortion

Cupping and deep drawing

A metal forming process used to form tube-like shapes. Metal sheet (blank) clamped over deep drawing punch and drawing die. Punch moves sheet into die cavity. Large scale Mass or continuous production

Cycle time

The time it takes for a manufacturing process to complete

CMYK

Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black

Danger to the environment

COSHH symbol

Danish oil

A wood finish which maintains the natural appearance of the wood as well as enhancing the grain- done by sanding with wire to open up grain between coats

Data tables

Interpret data, identify patterns, add missing data

Debossing (paper)

A paper finishing process which created a imprinted depression on the paper's surface

Deep drawn

When the depth is longer than the width

ACCESS FM

Aesthetics, cost, customer, environment, size, safety, function, material.