Chapter 20, the cardiovascular system(blood) Review

What is the structure/characteristics of red blood cells?

Biconcave disc without a nucleus, mitochondria, or ribosomes. Red color due to hemoglobin.

What is the function of the red blood cells?

Transport oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

What are important remarks about RBCs?

120-day life span; amino acids and iron are recycled; produced in bone marrow.

Which WBCs are granulocytes?

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils 

What are the characteristics of neutrophils?

Round cell, nucleus resembles a series of beads, cytoplasm contains pale granules

What is the function of neutrophils?

Phagocytosis- engulf pathogens or debris in tissues

Characteristics of eosinophils?

Round cell, nucleus has 2 lobes; cytoplasm contains large granules that stain bright red with acidic dyes

Functions of eosinophils?

Attach anything labeled with antibodies, important in fighting parasitic infections; suppress inflammation

Where are eosinophils produce?

in bone marrow

Characteristics of basophils?

Round cell; nucleus usually can’t be seen, granules stain purple/blue and fill the cytoplasm

Function of basophils?

Enter damaged tissues; release histamine and other chemicals

What WBCs are Agranulocytes

Monocytes, Lymphocytes, and Platelets

Characteristics of monocytes?

Very large cell, kidney-bean shaped nucleus and abundant pale cytoplasm

Function of monocytes?

Enter tissues and become macrophages; engulf pathogens or debris

Characteristics of lymphocytes?

Slightly larger than RBCs, round nucleus with little cytoplasm

Functions of lymphocytes?

Provide defense against specific pathogens or toxins; include T cells and B cells.

What do T cells do?

Help the immune system fight off germs, cancer cells and other substances.

What do B cells do?

Produce antibodies to fight infection, act as antigen presenting cells and play a role in regulating immune responses

Characteristics of platelets?

Cytoplasmic fragments containing enzymes and proenzymes

Function of platelets?

Hemostasis- clump together, stick to vessel wall and activate intrinsic coagulation pathway.

What are Platelets produced by?

Megakaryocytes in bone marrow

What are the two fluid-connective tissues in the body?

Blood and lymph

Where do all fluids eventually end up?

The venous system

Which vessels always carry blood toward the heart?

veins

Which vessels always carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries (they exit the ventricles)

Why does all bleeding stop when you run out of blood?

bcs there is no blood left to hemorrhage

Why is clotting important after injury?

To stop blood loss and prevent excessive hemorrhage

What can too much clotting cause?

Plugging/clogging of blood vessels

What does blood transport besides gases?

Leukocytes (white blood cells), nutrients, and wastes

What organs help inactivate toxins in the blood?

The liver and kidneys (sometimes)

How does blood help stabilize body temperature?

Blood moves toward the dermis and epidermis when flushed to release heat ( “heat flows downhill”)

What are the formed elements of blood?

Plasma with fibrinogen, WBCs, RBC's, Platelets

What does fibrinogen turn into during clotting?

Fibrin

What is plasma called once fibrinogen is removed?

Serum

What PH value indicates highly alkalotic?

7.55

What is the normal blood pH/alkalotic range?

7.35-7.45

What pH value indicates acidic (still technically alkaline)

7.25

What does increase carbon dioxide in the body do to blood pH?

Makes the blood mor acidic

Why does Carbon dioxide make blood more acidic?

Carbon dioxide converts carbonic acid in the bloodstream

When are eosinophils commonly elevated?

During parasitic infections or allergic reactions

What are histamine involved in?

Immune and allergic responses

What condition cause basophils to increase in number?

Allergies or inflammation

Why is high lactic acid dangerous?

It can cause shutdown under high acid conditions

What blood pH is considered too high?

Above 7.0-7.23

Is blood warm or cool?

Warm

What proteins in plasma help maintain osmotic pressure?

Albumins

What is the primary component of blood?

Water

What do red blood cells carry more efficiently than plasma?

Carbon monoxide

What is plasma?

The fluid portion of blood; interstitial fluid surrounds cells

Why is it important to recognize plasma proteins?

They help in immunity, osmosis, and transport functions

What does the acronym NLMEB stand for?

The order of WBCs from most to least common: Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

Do immature RBCs have nuclei?

Yes

Do mature RBCS have nuclei?

No

Which side of the heart carries deoxygenated blood?

The right side (right atrium and right ventricle)

Which side of the heart carries oxygenated blood?

The left side (left atrium and left ventricle)

What does the right ventricle pump blood to?

The lungs (via the pulmonary trunk/arteries)

What does the left ventricle pump blood to?

The entire body through the aorta

What type of vessels leaves the ventricles?

Only arteries exit the ventricles

What type of vessels enters the atria?

Only veins enter the atria

What is the inner layer lining the chambers of the heart called?

The endocardium

What is the name of the hearts middle muscular layer?

The myocardium (cardiac muscle)

What is the fibrous out layer surrounding the heart called?

The fibrous pericardium

What is the function of the pericardial fluid?

It reduces friction as the heart beats

What is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium also known as?

epicardium

What structures prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles?

Valves (atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves)

Which structures attach valves to the papillary muscles?

Chordae tendinea 

What are the muscular ridges in the ventricles called?

Trabeculae carinae

What enters the right atrium?

Only deoxygenated blood from systemic veins (superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus)

What enters the left atrium?

Oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins

What are the “heart strings” attached to the atrioventricular valves called?

Chordae tendineae (tendinous cords)

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?

They attach the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid valves) to papillary muscles and prevent valve prolapse during ventricular contraction

What special structure is found in the right ventricle that helps synchronize contraction?

The moderator band

What does the moderator band do?

It conducts electrical impulses to help the ventricles contract simultaneously

Which three veins bring deoxygenated blood into the right atrium?

Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

Where does the superior vena cava bring blood from?

From above the diaphragm

where does the inferior vena cava bring blood from?

From below the diaphragm

What is the first branch off the aorta that nourishes the heart?

The coronary arteries

What chamber does venous blood from the circulation enter?

The right atrium (via the coronary sinus)

After leaving the right ventricle, where does deoxygenated blood go?

Through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries/pulmonary trunk

Do semilunar valves have chordae tendineae attached?

No

What happens in the lungs?

Blood becomes oxygenated

Which vessels bring oxygenated blood back to the left atrium?

Pulmonary veins

Where does oxygenated blood go after the left atrium?

To the left ventricle, then out through the aortic semilunar valve

Where does the left ventricle pump blood?

Into the aorta and out to the systemic circulation