Frick Exam 2 Flashcards

Consciousness

Consciousness

Awareness of one's thoughts, feelings, and surroundings.

Biological Rhythms

Regular fluctuations in what system can include cycles like the sleep-wake cycle.

Circadian Rhythm

A cycle of biological activity lasting approximately 24 hours, influencing sleep and wakefulness.

Sleep

A state of consciousness characterized by reduced sensory awareness, decreased motor activity, and decreased responsiveness to stimuli.

REM Sleep

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement, increased brain activity, and vivid dreams.

NREM Sleep

Sleep that consists of stages of sleep without rapid eye movement, including stages 1, 2, and 3.

Stage 1 Sleep

Light sleep; transition between wakefulness and sleep.

Sleep Cycle

The progression through the different stages of sleep, typically lasting about 90 minutes, with multiple cycles occurring throughout the night.

Sleep Disorders

Abnormal sleep patterns that interfere with normal functioning. Examples include insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy.

Insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking too early.

Sleep Apnea

A sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or shallow breathing during sleep.

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks.

Dreams

A series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in a person's mind during sleep, often during REM sleep.

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A theory proposing that dreams result from the brain's attempts to make sense of random neural activity during sleep.

Substance Use

The consumption of substances (drugs or alcohol) that alter mental states and may lead to dependence or addiction.

Substance Abuse

A pattern of substance use that leads to significant impairment or distress.

Depressants

Substances that reduce neural activity and slow body functions (e.g., alcohol, benzodiazepines).

Stimulants

Substances that increase neural activity and speed up body functions (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine).

Hallucinogens

Substances that cause perceptual distortions and altered sensory experiences (e.g., LSD, psilocybin).

Tolerance

A state where increasing amounts of a substance are needed to achieve the same effect due to repeated use.

Withdrawal

A set of symptoms that occur when a person reduces or stops using a substance they are dependent on.

Melatonin

A hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles, released by the pineal gland in response to darkness.

Learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior conditioning (e.g., food).

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

An unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (e.g., salivation when food is presented).

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response (e.g., a bell).

Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (e.g., salivation in response to the bell).

Acquisition

The initial stage in classical conditioning, when an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is being learned.

Extinction

The diminishing of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus.

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period or brief exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Higher Order Conditioning

A form of conditioning where a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus (e.g., a light paired with a bell).

Stimulus Generalization

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (e.g., fear of all furry animals after being conditioned to fear a rabbit).

Stimulus Discrimination

The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

Reinforcement

Any event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior (e.g., giving a child candy for completing homework).

Negative Reinforcement

Removing an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior (e.g., taking painkillers to relieve pain).

Punishment

An event that decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

Positive Punishment

Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior (e.g., scolding a pet for misbehaving).

Negative Punishment

Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease a behavior (e.g., taking away a toy from a child who misbehaves).

Schedules of reinforcement

Rules that determine how and when reinforcement will be delivered, which can be classified as interval (time) or ratio (number of responses).

Fixed Interval

A reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement after a specific time period (e.g., weekly paycheck).

Variable Interval

A reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement at unpredictable times (e.g., random drug testing).

Fixed Ratio

A reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement after a set number of responses (e.g., bonus after every 10 sales).

Variable Ratio

A reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses (e.g., gambling).

Shaping

A method of learning that involves reinforcing behaviors that are progressively closer to the desired behavior (e.g., training a dog).

Primary Reinforcers

Reinforcers that have inherent value, such as food or shelter.

Secondary Reinforcers

Reinforcers that gain value through association with primary reinforcers (e.g., money).

Bobo Doll Experiment

An experiment by Albert Bandura that demonstrated observational learning, where children imitated aggressive behavior from their parents

Intelligence

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

Crystallized Intelligence

The accumulation of knowledge, facts, and skills that are acquired throughout life; tends to remain stable or increase with age.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to solve new problems by thinking creatively; tends to decline with age.

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

A theory of intelligence proposing three types: Analytical Intelligence: Problem-solving abilities. Creative Intelligence: Ability to deal with novel situations and generate innovative ideas. Practical Intelligence: Ability to adapt to everyday life and use knowledge in practical situations.

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Proposes that there are different kinds of intelligence, including but not limited to: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory

A hierarchical model of intelligence that includes both general intelligence (g) and several specific types of intelligence.

Standardization

The process of administering and scoring a test in a consistent manner to ensure that results are comparable.

Norming

The process of establishing average scores on a test based on a representative sample to interpret individual scores.

Wechsler Tests

A series of intelligence tests designed for various age groups, including the WAIS (for adults) and WISC (for children).

IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

A score derived from standardized tests designed to measure human intelligence.

Intellectual Disability

A condition characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, affecting daily life and functioning.

Nature vs. Nurture

The debate over the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development and intelligence.

Range of Reaction

The concept that genetics set the potential range for traits, including intelligence, while the environment influences where an individual falls within that range.

Eugenics

A movement aimed at improving the genetic quality of a population, often associated with discriminatory practices against certain groups based on intelligence.

Memory Model

The process of memory that involves three stages: encoding (transforming information), storage (retaining information), and retrieval (accessing stored information).

Encoding

The process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory. Types include: Acoustic, Visual, Semantic.

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A theoretical framework describing memory as consisting of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Sensory Memory

The first stage of memory that holds brief sensory impressions of stimuli.

Short-Term Memory (STM)

A temporary storage system for information that lasts about 15 to 30 seconds.

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

A stage of memory that can store a large amount of information for long periods, divided into explicit and implicit memory.

Explicit Memory (Declarative)

Memory that requires conscious recall, including episodic and semantic memories.

Implicit Memory (Non-declarative)

Memory that does not require conscious recall, including procedural and emotional memories.

Recall

Retrieving information without cues (e.g., essay questions).

Recognition

Identifying previously learned information when presented with cues (e.g., multiple-choice questions).

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories after a traumatic event.

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to retrieve memories formed before a traumatic event.

Eyewitness Testimony

An account given by someone regarding an event they witnessed; can be influenced by various factors.

Misinformation Effect

When a person's recall of episodic memories is altered by misleading information presented after the event.

Flashbulb Memories

Vivid, detailed memories of significant events, often tied to strong emotions.

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

A graph that shows how information is forgotten over time.

Proactive Interference

When old memories interfere with the learning or recall of new information.

Retroactive Interference

When new memories interfere with the recall of old memories.

Arousal Theory

A theory suggesting that heightened emotional states can enhance memory formation.

Case Study of H.M.

A significant case in memory research illustrating anterograde amnesia, providing insights into memory functions.

Decay Theory

A theory suggesting that memory traces fade over time if not accessed.

Engram

The theoretical physical representation of a memory within the brain.

Cocaine, methemphetamine, caffeine

Stimulants

Alcohol, barbeiturates, xanax

Name 3 Depressants

Opium, heroin, fentanyl

Name 3 Opiates

Marijuana, LSD, ketamine

Name 3 Hallucinogens

Opiates

Drugs used for pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression.

Amygdala

Involved in emotionally charged memories

Hippocampus

Part of the brain necessary for forming new memories

Cerebellum

Part of the brain for both memory for motor skills and episodic memories

Stage 2 Sleep

Deeper sleep with sleep spindles; heart rate slows.

Stage 3 Sleep

Deep sleep; the body repairs itself and grows

REM Sleep

When dreaming occurs, brain activity resembles wakefulness, no muscle movement, typically 4-5 episodes per night

Night Terrors

Panic, screaming; Seem to be awake but don’t remember

Sleepwalking

In deep sleep but “looks” awake; No memories

Lucid Dreaming

Further evidence that dreaming and thinking are connected; associated with REM sleep