Bio Ch. 6 and 7 Vocab

cellular respiration

the aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules, the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation ( the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis/ ATP Synthase)

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

the series of electron carriers molecules that shuttle electrons during a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP, located in the inner membrane of mitochondria, the Thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, and plasma membrane of prokaryotes

Glycolysis

A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs in cytosol

Pyruvate oxidation

the oxidation of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, with the release of CO2 and production of NADH. Preparatory reaction to the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle

The chemical cycle that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecule begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide. The cycle occurs in the matrix of mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry electrons to the ETC, together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major storage of cellular respiration

Acetyl CoA

The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration'; formed from a two-carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

ATP Synthase

The cluster of several membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Glycolysis followed by the redox/reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+

Alcohol fermentation

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide

Photosynthesis

the process by which plants, algae, and some protists and prokaryotes convert light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars made from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)

Autotrophs

An organism that makes it own food (often by photosynthesis) thereby sustaining itself without eating other organisms or its molecules. Plants, alagae, and numerous bacteria are autotrophs

heterotrophs

an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them in a consumer or decomposer ina food chain

Chlorophyll

A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and in the membrane of certain prokaryotes. Chlorophyll participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy into chemical energy

Stomata

A microscope pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of a leaf. when stomata are open, CO2 enters the leaf and H2O and O2 exit. A plant conserves water when its stomata are closed

Stroma

The dense fluid within the chloroplasts that surrounds the thylakoid membrane; sugars are made in the stroma by the enzymes of the calvin cycle

Thylakoids

A flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll and the molecular complexes of the light reactions of photosynthesis; a stack of thylakoid is called a granum

Light reactions

The first of two stages in photosynthesis; the steps in which solar energy is absorbed and converted to the chemical energy ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process

Calvin Cycle

The second of 2 stages in photosynthesis; a cycled series of chemical reactions that occur in the stroma of a chloroplast, using the carbon in CO2 and the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions to make energy- rich sugar molecule G3P

Carbon Fixation

The incorporation of carbon from atmospheric CO2 into organic compound. During photosynthesis in a C3 plant, Carbon is fixed into a 3-carbon sugar as it enters the Calvin cycle. In C4 and CAM plants, carbon is first fixed to a 4- carbon sugar

Photosystem

A light- capturing unit of a chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes

Photorespiration

In a plant cell, a metabolic pathway that consumers oxygen, releases CO2, and decreases photosynthetic output, photo respiration generally occurs on hot, dry days when stomata close. O2 accumulates in the leaf and Rubisco fixes O2 rather than CO2. Photorespiration- no sugar molecules or ATP made

C4 Plants

A plant in which the calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a 4-carbon compound,which then supplies CO2 for the calvin cycle

CAM Plants

A plant that uses the Calvin Cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a 4-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate

Greenhouse Effect

the warming of the earth due to the atmospheric accumulation of CO2 and certain other gases, which absorbs infrared radiation and radiate some of it back toward earth

Draw and label (answer clockwise)

outer membrane, granum, thylakoid space, thylakoid, stroma, inner