CHAPTER 1: Anatomy & Physiology

anatomy

study of structure and form. examines the relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs

physiology

study of function of body parts. examines how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances or how they may be altered via disease or medication

scientific method

observation, research, hypothesis, experiment, data analysis and conclusion

microscopic anatomy

examines structures that can’t be seen by the unaided eye

types of microscopic anatomy

cytology and histology

cytology

cellular anatomy, study of body cells and internal structure

histology

study of body tissues

macroscopic anatomy

investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye

systemic anatomy

studies the anatomy of each functional body system

regional anatomy

examines all of the structure in a particular region of the body as a complete unit

surface anatomy

focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them

comparative anatomy

examines the similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species

pathologic anatomy

examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease

radiographic anatomy

investigates the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures

cardiovascular physiology

examines the functioning of the heart, blood vessels and blood

neurophysiology

examines how nerve impulses are propagated throughout the nervous system

respiratory physiology

studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between the lungs and blood vessels

reproductive physiology

explores how the regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production and maturation

pathophysiology

investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease/injury to the organ s

metabolism

sum of all the chemical reactions that occurs within the body

anabolism

small molecules are joined together to form larger molecules

catabolism

large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

chemical level

simplest level, involves atoms and molecules

atoms

smallest units of matter that exhibit the characteristics of an element

molecule

when 2 or more atoms combine

cellular level

cells, smallest living structures and serve as the basic units of structure and function in organisms

tissue level

tissues, groups of similar cells that perform common functions

4 major tissues

connective, muscle, epithelial and nervous

epithelial tissue

covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities

connective tissue

protects, supports and binds structures and organs

muscle tissue

provides movement

nervous tissue

conducts nerve impulses for communication

organ level

organs, composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific complex functions

organ system level

contains multiple related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function

organismal level

organism, highest level of structures organization

levels of organization

cells, tissue, organs, organ system, organism

11 organ systems

integumentary, skeletal, muscle, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, male & female reproductive

integumentary system

provides protection, stuff inside our skin

skeletal system

bones and joints

muscular system

voluntary muscles, heart and smooth muscles

nervous system

brain and nerves

endocrine system

hormones circulate through our blood

cardiovascular system

made up of blood, heart and vessels

lymphatic system

serves in our immune system and helps to drain fluids

respiratory system

gas exchange

urinary system

removes waste and keeps those chemical balances

digestive system

breaking down food so that we an absorb nutrients that are there

reproductive system

make more organisms