Seminar Final Study Guide

Four Point Probe

Method to measure the sheet resistance of a material, designed by Frank Wenner in 1915, more precise than a 2 point probe.

Van der Pauw Method

Technique allowing measurement of sheet resistance without geometric correction factors, created in 1958, widely used in the semiconductor industry.

Electron Ion Collider

Upcoming particle accelerator to collide electrons with protons or heavy nuclei, revealing insights into subatomic particles and forces.

Electron Emission

Phenomenon releasing electrons from a material's surface due to external energy sources, classified into thermionic, photoelectric, field, and secondary types.

Infrared Thermometer

Noncontact device measuring target object surface temperature using infrared radiation, operated by focusing radiation through a lens onto a detector.

Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

Particle accelerator at CERN colliding high-energy particles to study subatomic particles and forces, operated by firing beams and analyzing collision data.

Laser

Device producing a narrow beam of light through stimulated emission of radiation, used in various applications like surgery, communication, and research.

Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Technique for precise thin film crystal growth at the atomic level, used in semiconductor device manufacturing and contributing to nanotechnology.

Photodiode

Semiconductor converting light into electricity, containing a PN junction for light detection, used in solar cells, detectors, and medical applications.

RHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider)

A facility at Brookhaven National Laboratory to study Quantum Chromodynamics by creating Quark-Gluon Plasma through heavy ion collisions.

Quark-Gluon Plasma

A state of matter where quarks and gluons are no longer confined within hadrons, studied at RHIC to understand the early universe.

Superconductors

Materials exhibiting perfect conductivity at critical temperatures, with applications like MRI, microchips, and MagLev trains.

Isotope Effect

Phenomenon where the critical temperature of superconductors is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of the isotope.

Vacuum Pump

Mechanical device used to create low-pressure environments by removing gas or air from a sealed chamber.

Positive Displacement Pump

Type of vacuum pump commonly used in lab settings to create low vacuums by increasing the volume of a container.

Otto von Guericke

Inventor of the first true vacuum pump, which could create a strong vacuum by removing air from two metal hemispheres.

Geissler Tube

Sealed glass tube invented by Heinrich Geissler, containing near vacuum, used to study electricity and led to the discovery of electrons.