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Intelligence
the mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
it is SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED and used to rank people against one another
eg. which person is smarter, the VHS valedictorian, or the uneducated indigenous person from the Amazon?
eg. which person is smarter, the elderly person (high crystalized intelligence), or the young person (high fluid intelligence)?
Why is the definition of intelligence a debated topic?
Crystalized Intelligence
knowing the cold, hard FACTS!!!
a person gains knowledge of factual information over the years
eg. an elderly person can recall exactly what it was like during World War 2 (who was involved, who was president, the economy, etc.)
Fluid Intelligence
acquiring new skills!!!
eg. a young person is more likely to quickly figure out a new technological mechanism
What are all the Theories of Intelligence?
Spearman’s General Intelligence Factor Theory
i.e. Mechanical, Verbal, Spatial, Numerical
*I looked at all the space on the road (spatial) and thought, I need a car to drive so I must fix it up (mechanical), but I need to make calculations to fix the car (numerical), so I will ask someone for help (verbal)
What are the 4 categories that blend into 1 single g-factor, according to Spearman?
Charles Spearman
Who created the General Intelligence Factor Theory?
Thurstone’s 7 Clusters Theory
*PINS Me With V
What are the 7 clusters of mental ability, according to Thurstone?
When other investigators studied Thurstone’s profiles, they found evidence of a g-factor.
A criticism of Thurstone’s 7 Clusters Theory?
LL Thurstone
Who created the 7 Clusters Theory?
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory
The Gardner theory only identifies “talents,” not intelligence
A criticism of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory?
Howard Gardner
Who created the Multiple Intelligence Theory?
Savant Syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
People w/ savant syndrome are considered geniuses bc they excel in 1 specific area of intelligence
**examples:
What does the Multiple Intelligence Theory suggest about savant syndrome?
Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence Theory
EQ stretches intelligence TOO FAR, despite the fact that higher EQ scores correlate to future success (career, marriage, parenting, etc.)
A criticism of Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence Theory?
Daniel Goleman
Who created the Emotional Intelligence Theory?
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
includes 3 intelligences:
Analytical Intelligence
Academic problem-solving as assessed by traditional intelligence tests; focuses on well-defined problems w/ a SINGLE correct answer
eg. SAT testing
Creative Intelligence
Demonstrated in the reacting adaptivity to novel situations and generating novel ideas
eg. creative painting
Practical Intelligence
Your “street smarts”!!!
Required for everyday tasks, which may be ill-defined, w/ multiple solutions
eg. finding a flat tire, and figuring out what to do
What are the 3 types of intelligence theories where you can excel in one thing, but perform poorly in another?
Are these categories (analytical, creative, practical) really independent?
A criticism of Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory?
What are the 3 criteria that must be met by psychological (intelligence) tests, in order to be widely accepted?
Standardization
Defining of uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison w/ the performance of a pre-tested group; “norms” have been established
Must create a STANDARD NORMAL CURVE
eg. the SAT psyshometricians use experimental sections and standardization samples to establish the norms for achievement
Psychometrician
Person who makes/assesses a test
Negative Skew
tail points to the negatives
Positive Skew
tail points to the positives
The Flynn Effect
An INCREASE in intelligence test scores throughout the 20th century
**results in an INCREASED need for standardization (i.e. new avg for IQ testing is 105 → must be shifted back to 100); items that everyone gets RIGHT AND WRONG are discarded
Wechsler Intelligence Test
Measures IQ!!!
mean = 100
standard deviation = 15 points
Normal Curve
Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
68-95-99.7 !!!
Reliability
Extent to which a test yields CONSISTENT results
Split-Half Reliability
Assesses consistency by dividing the test in two parts (i.e. odd-number questions vs. even-number questions), and assessing the accuracy of each part of the one test
**Parts should be roughly EQUAL for optimum consistency!
Equivalent-Form Reliability
Assesses consistency through alternative forms of the test (i.e. taking the Unit X exam again, today, and getting roughly the same score)
Test-Retest Reliability
Assesses consistency through RETESTING (i.e. taking the same Unit X exam as last class, and getting roughly the same score)
Validity
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to; aka ACCURACY
eg. the SAT is supposed to predict how well you will do as an ungergrad
Face Validity
A measure of the extent to which the content of the test measures all of the knowledge or skills that are supposed to be included within the domain being tested, according to test-takers
i.e. did you learn everything you were supposed to about Developmental Psych, aka Unit 9?
Content Validity
A measure of the extent to which the content of the test measures all of the knowledge or skill that is supposed to be included within the domain being tested, according to expert judges
i.e. rearranging blocks for the Wechsler Test… you would think, “what value does this have? this is easy,” BUT in actuality, the judges are timing you and it truly has value
Criterion-Related Validity
A measure of the extent to which a test’s results correlate with other accepted measures (criteria) of what is being tested
i.e. colleges use your AP score (3, 4, 5) to excuse your engagement in a college course… looks at criteria of the college course, which is matched to that of the AP test
Concurrent Validity
A measure of the extent to which the test provides similar scores as other tests on the same subject
i.e. similar scores on BOTH the MCQ and FRQ portions of the AP Test
Predictive Validity
A measure of the extent to which the test accurately forecasts a specific future result
i.e. the SAT predicts how well you will do as an undergrad
Construct Validity
The extent to which the test actually measures the hypothetical construct behavior (intelligence) it is designed to assess
i.e. the MMPI-2 can discriminate between people with schizophrenia and those without
What are the 2 most common types of tests?
Aptitude Tests
Tests designed to predict a person’s future performance
i.e. SAT (predicts how well you’ll do as an undergrad-student) and GRE (predicts how well you’ll do as a grad-student
Achievement Tests
Tests designed to assess what a person has learned
i.e. the Unit X Exam in AP Psych
VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE
Making an exam that EXCLUSIVELY measures one of these qualities (aptitude & achievement) is .
Speed Tests
Tests gauge how quickly a person can solve problems
Power Tests
Tests gauge the difficulty level of problems an individual can solve
i.e. a 500 question test gets progressively harder… if you miss 5 in a row, you’re done
Group Tests
A large # of people are tested at the same time
i.e. SAT in a room full of people
Individual Tests
A single person is tested by an examiner, allowing for greater depth
i.e. Wechler Test
Francis Galton; James McKeen Cattell
In the 1880s, and _ used psychomotor tasks (strength, reaction time, sensitivity to pain, weight) as a “mental test” to identify intelligence
**failed to validate their eugenics-based ideas of intelligence
Psychomotor Tasks
Eugenics
A certain race of people deemed genetically inferior
Alfred Binet; Theodore Simon
In 1904, and _ were hired by the FRENCH gov to identify children who would NOT benefit from a traditional school setting and those who would benefit from special education
Compulsory School Attendance
What did the French gov implement in 1904?
Binet-Simon scale for class placement
Binet and Simon sampled performance tasks (memory, comprehension, and judgement) to assign children a mental age (mental level)
Suggested using the RATIO of mental age (MA) to chronological age (CA) to determine a child’s level of intelligence
**developed into IQ later
What did William Stern suggest, based on the Binet-Simon Scale?
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
In 1911, Lewis Terman developed this; reports results as an IQ (intelligence quotient)
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
calculated by taking [MA/CA x 100]
Newest version assesses 5 ability areas:
100
What is the AVERAGE IQ?
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale for adults
Uses a deviation IQ resulting from a standardization process
**can’t use the children’s formula bc, according to research, intelligence stabilizes
z-score
looks at standard deviation
G-factor
ONLY 1 score… connects all abilities
What kind of test is the Stanford-Binet?
David Wechsler
In 1939, _ began developing alternatives to the Stanford-Binet
What are the alternatives to the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, according to Wechsler?
AGE 7!!!
What is the most IDEAL time to test intelligence to predict future success?
Full IQ Scale (FSIQ)
Verbal IQ + Performance IQ
Verbal IQ
Performance IQ
Intelligence DECLINES w/ age
According to cross-sectional evidence, will a person’s intelligence score remain stable over the course of their life?
Intelligence remains STABLE w/ age
**maybe goes up w/ crystalized intelligence
According to longitudinal evidence, will a person’s intelligence score remain stable over the course of their life?
4 years old
When is the earliest you can test intelligence for maximum benefit?
7 years old
When is the latest you can test intelligence for maximum benefit?
Low Extreme of Intelligence
People w/ an IQ < 70 (2 standard deviations below mean); labeled as having an intellectual disability
Mild Intellectual Disability
Moderate Intellectual Disability
Severe Intellectual Disability
**ICAP program at VHS
Profound Intellectual Disability
High Extreme of Intelligence
People w/ an IQ > 130 (2 standard deviations above mean); labeled as being intellectually gifted (genius)
**Terman’s research showed that the stereotypes of high extreme of people are incorrect!!
YES.
Do people who share the same genes also share comparable mental abilities?
Heritability
A number that tells us how much of something you can attribute to a person’s genes (HIGHER = more nature, LOWER = more nurture)
Polygenetic
MANY genes contribute to the formation of intelligence, since there are so many factors that determine intelligence.
What did J McVicker Hunt observe in Iranian orphanages?
Began a program of tutored human enrichment where he trained caregivers to play language-fostering games (VOCAL GAMES) with infants.
The results were a dramatic, unprecedented success for the orphanage. **more adoption!!
How did J McVicker Hunt address delayed development in Iranian orphanages?
YES and NO.
Regarding intelligence, can environmental conditions override one’s genes?
What are some environmental factors that can influence intelligence?
Project Head Start
A US government-funded program for preschool for families below the poverty line (1965); prepares children for education to keep them from being held back
YES and NO.
YES bc there is belief that there are long-term benefits, since genes and experience together affect intelligence (i.e. you aren’t as embarrassed, if you aren’t held back, and you can reach your full potential for intelligence)
NO bc, generally, the aptitude benefits dissipate over time
Was Project Head Start effective?
**According to this, since the mean IQ scores for African-Americans is 85, essentially they will struggle in life as opposed to caucasian
What are the 2 disturbing facts about ethnicity and intelligence?
Group differences may be rooted entirely in ENVIRONMENTAL differences, NOT genetics
*think about the Iranian orphanages! where would those kids be if they were given the SAME opportunities as other kids?
What might cause differences between races in intelligence scores?
Women:
Men:
*equal math computation/overall math performance
What are gender differences in mental ability scores?
IT DEPENDS…
If an intelligence test is biased, should it be used as an assessment tool?
Popular Meaning of Bias
Yes
Should an exam w/ “popular bias” be continued?
Scientific Meaning of Bias
No
Should an exam w/ “scientific bias” be continued?
Self-doubts and self-monitoring may hijack your working memory and impair your performance
How does the stereotype threat lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy?