APUSH | Unit 3 - Period 3: 1754-1800 (copy)

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French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies for possession of the Ohio Valley area; led to the end of Salutary Neglect.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, opposing British expansion into the western Ohio Valley; led to the Proclamation of 1763

Intolerable Acts

A series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation, and placed blame on the king

Loyalists

Colonists who supported the British government during the American Revolution

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

A law that established a procedure for the admission of new states to the Union

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution; added to placate the anti-federalists

Federalists (political party)

Political Party led by Hamilton - pro-British; supported by the wealthy; pro-merchants and trade; Favored the National Bank; loose interpretation

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency

Alien and Sedition Acts

Series of four laws enacted by President Adams and the Federalist Congress in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants, and silence critics.

National Bank

Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson and Democratic-Rep. It would regulate money and draw investors; but allowed the Federalists to stretch the Constitution.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry Pennsylvania farmers

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Considered a moral victory

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution because it led to French assistance.

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and statesman. He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Treaty of Paris, 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

George III

King of England during the American Revolution

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Virginia Resolves

Patrick Henry's response to the Stamp Act that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies.

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence

Sons of Liberty

A radical organization for colonial independence formed to protest the Stamp Act; formed the Committees of Correspondence which spread information and promotted opposition to British policies; leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Stamp Act Congress

Held in New York; agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act was repealed

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

Townshend Duties/Acts

Popular name for the Revenue Act of 1767 which taxed glass, lead, paint, paper and tea entering the colonies

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Tea Act

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

First Continental Congress

Meeting of 12 colonies in 1774 to protest the Intolerable Acts; sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power to regulate commerce but objecting to arbitrary taxation and the unfair judicial system.

Lexington and Concord

The first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)

Second Continental Congress

Convened in the wake of the bloodshed at Lexington and Concord; issued both the Olive Branch Petition and the Declaration of Independence

John Adams

Revolutionary leader in Boston who became America's first Vice-President and second President

Olive Branch Petition

An offer of peace sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George lll

Thomas Jefferson

Revolutionary leader from Virginia who authored the Declaration of Independence; and won the presidency in 1800

Declaration of Independence

The document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Abigail Adams

Revolutionary activist who appealed to her husband to "remember the ladies" when seeking independence

Patriots

American colonists who fought for independence from Great Britain during the Revolutionary War

Battle of Yorktown

1781 American victory in Virginia that forced the British to surrender

Critical Period

Era following the end of the American Revolution and the ratification of the Constitution when the United States struggled under the Articles of Confederation.

Shays' Rebellion

A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms in Massachusetts as a result of high interest rates and taxes; highlighted the weakness of the Articles of Confederation

Philadelphia Convention

The1787 meeting called by Congress to amend the Articles of the Confederation; led to the writing of the Constitution

Great Compromise

Compromise between the large and small states creating a bicameral Congress with proportional representation in the House of Representatives and equal representation in the Senate

3/5 Compromise

The decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as fraction of a person for the purposes of representation in Congress and taxation

Republic

A form of indirect democracy in which citizens choose their leaders through frequent elections

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Ratification

official approval

Federalists (not political party)

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the American Constitution during the ratification debate

The Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison to defend the Constitution during the ratification debates

Democratic-Republicans

Political Party led by Jefferson - pro-French; supported by middle-class and farmers; pro-agriculture; against the national bank; strict interpretation

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

French Revolution

A rebellion of French people against King Louis XVI that was inspired by the American Revolution

Neutrality Proclamation

A 1793 statement by President Washington that the United States would not support or aid either France or Britain in their European conflict following the French Revolution

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Republican documents that argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Quartering Act

1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Homespun

A coarse, loosely woven, homemade fabric made by colonial women, particularly the Daughters of Liberty, to assist with the boycotts of British goods

George Washington

Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution and 1st President of the United States

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Electoral College

The body of electors who formally elect the US president and vice-president; added to the Constitution as a way to check the choices of the voters

Tariff

A tax on imported goods

Elastic Clause (Necessary and Proper Clause)

The clause in Article I, Section 8, that grants Congress the power to do whatever is necessary to execute its specifically delegated powers; allows government's power to be stretched.

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

"No taxation without representation"

Expression that reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament

Daughters of Liberty

Organization formed by women prior to the American Revolution that protested colonial treatment with boycotts like homespun cloth