A & P of Speech Processes: Exam 2 Communication Overview & Respiration

the act of speaking; falls within the category of expressive language

speech production

the act of understanding and interpreting spoken content; falls within the category of receptive language

speech perception

the exchange between speech production and perception is often expressed by the…

speech chain model

a spoken message progresses from the…

mind of the speaker to the mind of the listener

Order of The Speech Chain

1. Speaker’s brain formulates the message

2. Motor nerves transmit commands to vocal muscles

3. Vocal muscles produce wound waves

4. Sound waves travel through the air (acoustic signal)

5. Listener’s ear collects the acoustic signal

6. Sensory nerves send the signal to the listener’s brain

7. A feedback link allows the speaker to hear their own speech and adjust

the 4 levels of communication are…

1. cognitive

2. linguistic

3. physiological

4. acoustic

initiating verbal communication begins with thinking about a topic or idea

cognitive level

the speech content is summarized in the speaker’s language (word selection, sentence formulation)

linguistic level

we plan and program our speech organs to sequence the strings of words and execute the movements required for speaking

physiological level

the speaker expresses content using various speech sounds

acoustic level

the message is perceived, interpreted, and understood in the…

cognitive level

recieved acoustic signals are sent to the medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus; thalamus recognizes them as auditory messages and delivers them to the auditory cortex and associate areas in the…

linguistic level

auditory organs collect, receive, and process acoustic signals to send the message to the brain in the…

physiological level

speech output travels from the speaker to the listener’s ears as acoustic signals in the…

acoustic level

what are 3 subsystems of speech production?

1. respiration

2. phonation

3. articulation/resonation

shaping speech sounds has to do with which subsystem?

articulation/resonance

vocal folds vibration to make sounds has to do with which subsystem?

phonation

what subsystem has to do with breath support from your lungs?

respiration

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level; for speech, exhaling air provides the driving force to the vocal fold by sending air pressure

respiration - ENERGY/MOTOR

vocal fold vibration receiving air pressure from respiratory organs

phonation - SOURCE

the process of shaping up voice into a sequence of speech sounds, using the supra laryngeal vocal tract

articulation/resonance - FILTER

This theory explains how speech sounds are produced by combining a sound source (vocal folds) with a filter (vocal tract) that modifies the sound

the source - filter theory

all speech sounds are produced as we breathe out

egressive airstream mechanism - EXIT

some languages use sounds made during inhalation ex. gasping

ingressive airstream mechanism - GO IN

one common metric for cognitive functioning is the…

intelligence quotient (IQ)

what is the relationship between IQ and language ability?

Language relies heavily on left hemisphere structures: Broca’s, Wernicke’s, arcuate fasciculus. General cognition draws upon distributed cortical and subcortical networks (not localized to one hemisphere or region)

What are functions of respiration for speech?

respiration covers gas exchange at the cellular level through breathing, respiration provides the source energy for speech production, non-vital: speaking

moving air into and out of the lower airway

ventilation

movement of air into upper and lower airways

inspiration (inhalation)

movement of air out of lower and upper airways

expiration (exhalation)

Nares open into nasal cavity, separated into…

Left and right sections by nasal septum

Nasal septum formed anteriorly by septal cartilage, and …

posteriorly by ethmoid bone and vomer bones

The floor of nasal cavity is…

har palate (bone, anterior) and soft palate (muscle, posterior)

Air exits via internal…

nares into pharynx

The nasal cavities are also called the..

nasal fossae

Two chambers separated by…

nasal septum

Septum is cartilage at front and ….

bone at back

What are the benefits of nasal breathing?

1. Filtering of incoming air

2. Approximate temperature of incoming air to body temperature

3. Moisturize incoming air

What parts of the body are included in the conducting zone?

Nose and Nasal Cavity

What are major functions of the conducting zone?

1. route for air

2. remove debris/pathogens

3. warm and humidify incoming air

4. nasal epithelium senses odors

5. bronchial epithelium metabolizes airborne carcinogens

What is the purpose for cilia and mucus?

Cilia is constantly sweeping materials toward throat to be swallowed. Cold air slows cilia movement —> mucus accumulation —> runny nose in cold weather.

What is the Diaphragm?

A dome-shaped sheet of skeletal muscle that separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

What are functions of the Diaphragm?

1. Contracts and flattens during inhalation —> expands lungs

2. Relaxes during exhalation —> reduces lung volume

What are three openings in the diaphragm?

1. Caval opening (caval hiatus): inferior vena cava passes through this

2. Esophageal hiatus: esophagus and attached nerves pass through this

3. Aortic hiatus: aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein pass through posterior diaphragm

Where does the diaphragm originate?

The bottom of the sternum and lower six ribs and first three or four lumbar vertabrae and inserts into the central tendon

How does the diaphragm work?

Pulls downward on the central tendon to enlarge the thorax vertically and/or elevate the lower six ribs to enlarge the thorax circumferentially

What parts make up the general structure of the Thoracic Cage?

1. forms thorax (chest)

2. Consists of 12 pairs of ribs, costal cartilages, sternum T1-T12 vertebrae

3. Protects heart and lungs

What are three parts of the sternum?

1. Manubrium (superior)

2. Body (central)

3. Xiphoid process (inferior tip)

U-shaped border at top of manubrium; easily felt at anterior base of neck

Jugular notch

Junction of manubrium and body; second rib attaches here (landmark for counting ribs)

Sternal angle

Cartilaginous early in life ossifies by middle age

Xiphoid process

True ribs (1-7)

attach directly to sternum

False ribs (8-12)

do not attach directly to sternum

Floating ribs (11-12)

no anterior attachment

Curved, flattened bones articulating posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae

12 pairs of ribs

The ability of muscles and connected tissues to “snap” back to their original length and shape after being stretched or compressed

Recoil

What is Boyle’s Law?

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature. Formula: P1V1=P2V2. If volume increases, pressure decreases; if volume decreases, pressure increases

How does Boyle’s Law relate to respiration?

Gases move from higher pressure (lower volume) to lower pressure (high volume) - Nature’s equilibrium

Passive force for respiratory system

Natural recoil of muscles, cartilages, ligaments, and lung tissue

Surface tension of the alveoli

Pull of gravity

Active force for the respiratory system

Rib cage wall muscles

Diaphragm muscle

Abdominal wall muscles

Step-by-step process of Respiration

1. Inspiration: Diaphragm contracts—> moves inferiorly—> chest cavity expands —> pressure decreases—> air flows in

2. Expiration: Diaphragm relaxes —> moves upward—> chest cavity decreases —> pressure increases —> air flows out

Four lung volumes include:

1. Tidal Volume (TV): air inhaled/exhaled during normal breathing

2. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): air forcefully exhaled after normal expiration

3. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): air forcefully inhaled after normal inspiration

4. Residual Volume (RV): air remaining after maximum forceful expiration

Four lung capacities:

1. Inspiratory Capacity(IC): the maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the resting end-expiratory level

2. Vital Capacity (VC): the maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration (or inspired after a maximum expiration)

3. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): the amount of air in the pulmonary apparatus at the resting tidal end-expiratory level

4. Total Lung Capacity (TLC): the volume of air in the pulmonary apparatus after a maximum inspiration

The size of a three-dimensional object or space

Volume

Lung volume…

reflects the size of the respiratory system

Lung volume change…

(without pressure change) requires an open larynx and upper airway

Lung volume is…

divided into lung volumes and capacities

Formulas for lung capacities:

1. Inspiratory capacity (IC)= TV + IRV

2. Vital capacity (VC) = IC + ERV

3. Functional residual capacity (FRC)= ERV+ RV

4. Total lung capacity (TLC)= VC + RV

How speech breathing differs from vital breathing

1. Vital Breathing ratio: 40% inhalation, 60% exhalation

2. Speech breathing ratio: 10% inhalation, 90% exhalation