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Wolfgang Mommenson (Versailles)
“the treaty was harsh but understandable…the Allied leaders were under pressure from their own public which demanded the Germans pay for it all"
Sidney Bradshaw Fay (Cause of WW1/Versailles/Paris Peace Treaties)
It is unfair to place the blame for starting the war on Germany (and its allies) as in reality it was Europe’s heightened imperialism, nationalism, militarism, and complex system of alliances which were the complex and interrelated causes of the war.
Ruth Henig (Versailles)
“Compared to the treaties which Germany had imposed on defeated Russia and Romania in 1918, the Treaty of Versailles was quite moderate.”
Economist John Maynard Keynes (Reparations/Versailles/Paris Peace Treaties?)
the reparations were a “shifting by the victors of their unbearable financial burdens onto the shoulders of the defeated”.
Margaret McMillan (Reparations/Versailles)
when compared to the huge initial demands of the Allies, the actual reparations of only 33 billion seem nowhere near as severe AND that the Allies had no intentions to destroy the German economy but only to “receive what they thought was a just amount”
Winston Churchill (Paris Peace Treaties/Successor States)
the divisions of territories set out by the treaties “followed for all practical purposes the principal of self-determination”
Alan Sharp (Paris Peace Treaties/Successor States)
“the minorities of 1919 were probably more discontented than those of 1914”
Ian Kershaw (Paris Peace Treaties/Successor States)
parliamentary democracy in the successor states was “a fragile flower planted in less than fertile soil”
Richard Overy (League of Nations)
“Over time, the League managed to effect some pioneering work in the fields of health, finance, economics, and it did afford space for smaller states to pursue some issues important to them.”
Hugh Brogan (League of Nations)
“depended on the goodwill of the nations to work, though it was the absence of goodwill that made it necessary.”
Ian Kershaw (League of Nations)
“the league remained in practice a largely European affair dominated especially by the interests of Britain and France.”
Zara Steiner (League of Nations)
the economic might of the league was undermined by the absence of America the worlds most powerful economy, “in the absence of the united states the burden of enforcement would rest upon Britain and France”
Richard Overy (WW2 Civilian Impact/Nazi Strategy and Motive)
the primary motives for the aerial bombing campaign were to “neutralize the Royal Navy” and “destroy British Morale”
Hitler (WW2 Civilian Impact/Nazi Strategy and Motive)
Operation Barbarossa was a “war of annihilation”
Ian Kershaw (WW2 Civilian Impact/Nazi Strategy and Motive)
“the genocidal nature of the Second World War”
Antony Beevor (WW2 Civilian Impact/Nazi Strategy and Motive)
Seige of Leningrad, Nazi tactic “starve the population into surrender”
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