West Civ Test- 1/22/26

Nationalism

the belief that people who share a common language, culture, history, and traditions should be united under one government and show loyalty to that nation above all else.

shared language

shared culture and traditions

shared history

shared territory

desire for self-government

strong emotional identity

what are the key characteristics for nationalism

popular sovereignty

where did nationalism come from in the enlightenment

citizens fight for the nation

where did nationalism come from in the french revolution

spreads revolutionary ideas

where did nationalism come from in Napoleon

shared experiences and communication

where did nationalism come from in industrial revolution

Civic Nationalism

Shared laws & values

Inclusive

EX: France

Ethnic Nationalism

Shared ancestry & culture

Exclusive

Common in Central/Eastern Europe

Unite fragmented regions

Overthrow foreign rule

Create nation-states

3 ways nationalism helped people

many states

Italy was divided into…

Risorgimento

In the Italian unification, Nationalist movement =

Giuseppe Garibaldi

who was the key leader in the Italian unification

Italy unified by 1870

what was the result of the Italian unification

Austria (north)

The Pope (central Italy)

Local monarchs (south)

Italy was controlled by

shared language and culture, had no single nation

what did Italians share and what did they not have

politically

Italy existed culturally, but not…

“Rebirth”

The Risorgimento means

Nationalist movement calling for unity

what was The Risorgimento

Enlightenment ideas

The French Revolution

Anger at foreign rule

The Risorgimento was influenced by

self-government

Nationalists believed Italians deserved…

Create one unified Italian nation

what was the goal of the The Risorgimento

Military leader

United southern Italy with volunteer forces (Red Shirts)

who is Giuseppe Garibaldi

Political leader of Piedmont-Sardinia

Used diplomacy and alliances

who is Camillo di Cavour

King of Piedmont-Sardinia

Became first king of a united Italy

who is Victor Emmanuel II

the movement

Piedmont-Sardinia leads…

war and diplomacy

Northern Italy gained through…

the south

Garibaldi conquers…

Victor Emmanuel II

Garibaldi hands control to…

1870

Rome added in…

Nationalism + war + diplomacy

Method:

modern nation-state

Italy becomes a…

The Congress of Vienna (1814–1815)

was a meeting of major European leaders after Napoleon was defeated to restore order and stability in Europe.

Restore old monarchies (put kings back in power)

Prevent France from becoming too powerful again

Rebalance power in Europe so no one country dominated (balance of power)

Stop future revolutions and wars by keeping Europe conservative and stable

main goals of the The Congress of Vienna

France was punished but not completely destroyed

Europe’s borders were redrawn

The leaders created the Concert of Europe, an agreement to work together to keep peace

Germany remained divided into 39 states in the German Confederation (not unified)

key results of The Congress of Vienna

Concert of Europe

an agreement to work together to keep peace

Austria

Russia

Prussia

Great Britain

(France eventually joined later.)

The main powers were:

Maintain the balance of power

Prevent another Napoleon-style takeover

Stop revolutions and keep monarchies in control

main purpose of The Concert of Europe

39 independent states

Germany was divided into…

German Confederation

A Divided German World was Loosely connected through the…

Austria and Prussia

in a dived german world, _____ were the most powerful states

language

culture

history

Germans shared….

No unified German nation-state

key problem of a Divided German World:

A Growing National Identity

Nationalism encouraged unity among German-speaking people

Enlightenment ideas

The French Revolution

Opposition to foreign influence

A Growing National Identity was inspired by:

Zollverein

Economic cooperation through the ______ strengthened unity

Unite German states into one nation

what was the goal of A Growing National Identity

Otto von Bismarck

Prime Minister of Prussia

Believed unification would come through “Blood and Iron”

Used realpolitik (practical politics, not ideals)

Unified Germany through war, diplomacy, and strategy

what was Otto von Bismarck role

Danish war

fought over 2 territories: Schleswig, Holstein

many German-speaking people

in the Danish was these regions had:

Denmark

n the Danish was these regions were ruled by…

German Confederation

Schleswig, Holstein were members of the…

Prussia, won the territories/split them with Austria

who won the Danish war and what did they do

Austro-Prussian War

The war was fought to decide who would lead the German states: Prussia, Austria

Schleswig controlled by Prussia and Holstein controlled by Austria.

After the German-Danish War, Prussia and Austria jointly controlled:

provoke Austria

in the Austro-Prussian War Otto von Bismarck used disputes over these territories to…

“small Germany” (without Austria)

in the Austro-Prussian War Prussia wanted a…

influence over German affairs

in the Austro-Prussian War Austria wanted to maintain…

7 weeks

how long did the Austro-Prussian War last

Battle of Königgrätz

Prussia won a decisive victory at the…

Austria

was excluded from German affairs

Bismarck

wanted war with France

becoming king of Spain

France wanted to stop a Prussian prince from…

no Hohenzollern would ever take the Spanish throne.

The France demanded that King Wilhelm I of Prussia promise that…

sent a message describing the meeting.

Wilhelm politely refused and did what

France had been insulted, and that Prussia had been disrespected.

France declared war on Prussia.

Otto von Bismarck (Prussia’s leader) edited the message to make it sound like:

Ems Dispatch

Original message

France declare war first (so France looks like the aggressor)

unite the southern German states behind Prussia

complete German unification

Bismarck edited the dispatch because he wanted…

Franco-Prussian War

Prussia defeated France in about 6 months

Germany unified

The German states joined together and created the German Empire in 1871.

Germany was declared at Versailles

The new German Empire was proclaimed in the Palace of Versailles (in France), which humiliated France.

France lost land

France was forced to give up Alsace and Lorraine to Germany

France became angry and wanted revenge

This bitterness helped create tension in Europe for decades.