Pathogens

Germ Theory

  • Diseases are caused by microorganisms

Biohazards

  • biological substances is a threat to human health

Epidemiology

  • branch of medicine wich deals with diseases

Public health

  • protects health of people and their communites

Epidemics

  • widespreas disease in community with large part of them infected at one time

Pandemics

  • Widespread disease in a country with a large part effected at one time

Viruses

Basic Virus Structure

  • genome

    • the dna or rna housing center

  • Capsid

    • protien coat around genome

    • compased of protiens

    • has enzymes need for replication

  • Enveolpe

    • covers capsid

    • made of protiens and lippids

    • has protiens needed to attach to host cell

Virus life cycle

  • attaches, enters host cell, starts replicating, exit cells

  • Attached via keys

Naked:

  • no envelope

  • receptors attached to capsid

  • How they enter host cells 2 ways

    • Punch hole in host cell

    • enter via endocytosis then punch through endosome membrane

  • How they exit host cell

    • Fills cell with bacteria then burst

Enveloped:

  • envelope

  • How they enter the cell 2 ways

    • Fuse with membrane

    • Taken by enocytosis then fuse with endosome membrane

  • How they exit

    • Forms and buds off of cell, taking some cell membrane with it

    • can destroy host cell receptor

Aseptic Tequnice

  • procedures to avoide contamination

  • prevents extra stuff on petridish

Gloves

  • prevent contamination from hands

Petri dish

  • keeps bacteria contained

  • needs to be placed upside down in incubator

Enoculation loop

  • collect bacteria

LB nutrient Agar

  • growth medium for bacteria

Incubator

  • maintains constant optiomal tempature

Petri dish labeling

  • on bottom

Streaking

  • so you can see individual colonies

Shape of colonies

  • circular

  • irregual,

  • filamentous

  • rhizoid

Elevation

  • raised

  • convex

  • flat

  • umbonate

  • cratiform

Margin

  • entire

  • undulate

  • filaform

  • curled

  • lobate

Coloney Morphologies and Arrangments

  • Bacillus

    • Rod shaped

  • Coccus

    • circle

  • Spirialla

    • curcled ribbion

  • Diplo

    • clump to only one other, pair

  • Straphylo

    • large mulriply culmp

  • Stepto

    • straight line

Agents of Disease

  • Viruses

    • nonliving particles with DNA or RNA that infect cells and replicate

  • Bacteira

    • prokaryote that can be both beneficial or harmful

  • Fungi

    • eukayotes related to mushrooms some cause infections

  • Protozoa

    • single celled microscopic animals wich act as para sits

  • Prions

    • infectious protien

  • helminths

    • multicellurla parasitic worms that use humans as hosts

Reservoir

  • habitats where infectious agents live, grow, and multiply\

Portals of exit

  • how it leaves the host

Modes of transmisison

  • direct

    • transfer immediately between hosts

  • indirect

    • can be housed temporaly

    • ex: contaminated surfaces

Portals of entry

  • how it enters the body

  • immune system is made up of many cells, organs, and tissues. Some prevent pathogens from entering the body, and some attack pathogens already inside the body.

  • Most immune cells develop from stem cells in the bone marrow.

  • The immune system responds to pathogens in two main ways:

    • innate and adaptive immune responses.

    • These types of responses communicate with and complement each other.

  • The innate immune response is the body’s first line of defense.

    • barriers to infection

      • Skin

      • Mucus

    • phagocytes

      • Eats disease

    • mast cells

      • alarm system

    • inflammation

      • Raises temp

      • helps to raise defense

  • The adaptive immune response takes longer to mount but provides more specific protection against pathogens.

    • T cells

      • Helper

        • has the neccasy receptor to bind to antigen

      • Killer

        • kills it

      • They stick around to remeber the infection

    • B cells

      • Create antibodies

    • antibodies.

  • The immune system reacts to antigens, small molecules recognized by immune cells

  • After the first infection by a specific pathogen, the adaptive immune response can mount a greater and faster response to subsequent infections.

  • Vaccines stimulate an immune response to a weakened or partial pathogen so that the secondary immune response can occur when the real pathogen is encountered