World History 1010 Morris Bian Exam 3

Renaissance

artistic renaissance: painters, sculptors, and architects drew inspiration from Greek and Roman artists
intellectual renaissance: humanists also looked to classical rather than medieval literary models

Michelangelo

Italian artist, best represented the Spirit of Renaissance in terms of individual ability, creativity, and potentiality

• born into a family of bankers in Florence
• under the protection of Lorenzo the Magnificent

David

this statue's similarities to the statute of Aphrodite from the Hellenistic age suggest that it embodies the revival of classical tradition in sculpture

Aphrodite: Goddess of Love, Beauty, and Fertility

best-known work of sculpture dating from the Hellenestic Age (323-50 BC) ca. 150 BC

humanism

form of education and culture based on the study of the classics

• developed in reaction to an intellectual that was centered on the Roman Catholic Church and dominated by concerns with salvation, by contrast was thoroughly secular in outlook

Petrarch

father of Renaissance humanism, 1304-1374, first one to characterize the middle age as the period of darkness

philology

study and analysis of ancient texts, became one of the most celebrated humanist skills

Lorenzo Valla

proved in 1440 that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery

Martin Luther

• attended University of Erfurt and earned an MA degree in liberal arts in 1505, earned PhD from University of Wittenburg in 1512
• entered Augustian monastery in Erfurt in 1505
• 95 propositions
• developed new Doctrine of Protestant Reformation: Justification by Grace through Faith Alone

indulgence controversy

Luther protested the claims made by a papal representative that the buying of indulgences would advance salvation, in response he posted the 95 propositions leading to the Protestant Reformation

95 propositions

the theses of Luther against the sale of indulgences in the Roman Catholic Church, posted by him on the door of a church in Wittenberg, October 31, 1517

• closure of monasteries
  translation of Bible from Latin into vernacular languages
• end to priestly authority, including authority of the pope himself

Castle Church

In Wittenberg, where Martin Luther nailed his 95 thesis to the front door

King Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England, he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Anglican Church

John Calvin

1509-1564, one of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation

• 1536, published "Institutes of the Christian Religion"

"Institutes of the Christian Religion"

written by John Calvin: synthesis of Protestant thought, a manual of Church organization

predestination

doctrine that God has foreordained all things and has elected certain souls to eternal salvation

elect

in Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation

reprobate

in calvinist doctrine, those who have been condemned to hell

Geneva Church

structured by Calvin
pastors - preach the Word to the congregation
doctors - christian theologians who studied and wrote
deacons - laymen chosen to oversee institutions of social services and welfare
elders - governors in charge of all moral matters

scientific revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science

claudius ptolemy

Egyptian scholar or Alexandria who synthesized Greek knowledge of the known universe, his work served as the basis for Europeans' understanding of the universe

geocentric model

Ptolemy proposed a model of the universe in which starts and planets revolve around Earth

Nicholas Copernicus

monk and mathematician who came up with a mathematically simpler solution for the model of the universe by switching the position of the sun and earth

• the church condemned his theory
• wrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" (1543) which was banned by the church

heliocentric model

Copernicus proposed a model of the relationship between the Sun and planets in which the planets revolve around the Sun

Isaac Newton

carried and completed the work began by Copernicus

• in "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" (1687), Newton argued that a law of universal gravitation regulates the motions of bodies throughout the universe

enlightenment

European intellectual movement of late 17th and 18th cent., marked by a rejection of traditional cultural and religious ideas and an emphasis on reason and rational analysis

John Locke

illustrates the attempt of Enlightenment thinkers to rationally analyze human society

• believed in the state of nature of equality and freedom before human existence became organized socially
• believed that because of this state of nature, humans had certain unalienable rights: life, liberty, and property
• since ppl found it difficult to protect these, they mutually agreed to establish gov't to ensure the protection of their rights: a social contract

"Two Treaties of Government"

work written by John Locke, people have natural rights and best type of government was a limited government

Theory of Social Contract

established mutual obligations b/w gov't and ppl, if a gov't established absolute authority or made laws w/o consent of the governed, then the ppl might overthrow the existing gov't and form a new gov't

William the Conqueror

his invasion of England (1066) marked the beginning of late medieval England

King Henry II

1154-1189, attempted to bring about administrative centralization

• his reign saw the production of the first written legal textbook in the history of England, a document that provided the basis of today's "Common Law"

King John

1199-1218, forced to sign the magna carta by the English nobles who rebelled

Magna Carta

stated that the king should observe the "law of the land" and that the king could not proceed against anyone w/o following the due process

English Parliament

key representative institution resulted directly from the joint assembly of the nobles and magnates during the late 13th century and indirectly and fundamentally from the sustained conflict b/w monarchy and nobility

Hugh Capet

election as king (987) marked establishment of capetian dynasty

Philip the Fair

(1282-1314) first monarch to consult systematically w/ representative bodies in French history

Estates General

• clergy
• nobility
• townspeople

100 Years' War

a war between England and France from 1337 to 1453, started by Edward III of England to claim the French throne

• introduced canons
• led to establishment of a regular system of taxation in England and France
• strengthened existing tendencies in state-building in England and France

Joan of Arc

(1412-1431) savior of France

• accompanied a french army to Orleans
• inspired the french army to liberate themselves and Orleans
• accused of witchcraft, tortured, and burned at the stake

nation-state

territorial association that claims supremacy over all other association w/in its boundaries, characterized by its independent power to compel obedience from the populations w/in its territories

Wars of Religion

Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in Europe

French Wars of Religion

Catholics vs Huguenots, product of reformation ideologies

• Catholics and Huguenots became intolerant of each other and hostility grew
• Huguenots ended up in prison for their faith
• massacres increased hostility and led to religious wars

Huguenots

French calvinists, 40-50% of french nobility, constituted 7% of total population

King Henry IV

• succeeded to the throne in 1589
• eventually ended the wars in 1594
• issued Edict of Nantes

Edict of Nantes

acknowledged Catholicism as France's official religion but also guaranteed Huguenots the right to worship and enjoy political privileges

30 Years' War

"last of religious wars"

• Catholic forces led by Holy Roman Emperors from Hapsburg family
• protestant forces led by nobles of Bohemia, a historical region of the Czech republic
• gave rise to extensive use of the musket

Phalanx

formation of infantry carrying overlapping shields and pikes

• developed by Philip II of Macedonia during 4th cent. BC
• still used during 30 Years' War

musket

a light, long-barreled European gun, extensively used during the 30 Years' War

Peace of Westphalia

peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

• all German states, including Calvinist states, were free to determine their own religion
• marked the formation of a European system of states defined by formal treaties

European States System

treaty system of international relations

absolutist monarchy // absolutism

sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king or queen who claimed to rule by divine right

Cardinal Richelieu

• saw Huguenots, nobles, and provincial governors as threats to the state
• initiated policies that strengthened monarchial power

intendants

centrally appointed officials w/ extended powers

• there were 120-150
• sent to provinces to insure that taxes were fairly levied and promptly collected
• served as the principle instrument for administrative centralization

Cardinal Mazarin

served under Cardinal Richelieu and laid the foundations for Louis XIV's expansionist policies

King Louis XIV

1643-1715, succeeded primarily in establishing control and authority in policy-making process w/in the central gov't

• restructured the central policy-making machinery of gov't versailles
• removed high nobles and princes of the Royal Council, which was the king's chief administrative body

Versailles

• king's personal household
• location of central gov't machinery
• place where powerful subjects came to find favors and offices

King James I

1603-25

• political conflict with Parliament over the source and extent of royal power: divine right vs. Parliament as equal partner of king
• religious conflict over doctrines and practices revolving around the Church of England: the king's defense of the church alienated protestants known as puritans

puritans

wanted to purify the church of England from the remnants of Roman Catholic popery

popery

doctrines, practices, and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church

King Charles I

under his rule, political and religious conflict reached a critical point

• Petition of Right
• religious differences added to the hostility b/w the king and parliament
• executed 1/30/1649

Petition of Right

prohibited:

• taxes w/o parliament's consent
• arbitrary imprisonment
• quartering of soldiers in private houses
• declaration of martial low in peacetime

English Civil War

civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

Glorious Revolution

the overthrow of King James II of England

William & Mary of Orange

• signed the English Bill of Rights and began a new co-operation between the Parliament and the monarchs, leading to a greater measure of personal liberty and democracy in Britain
• signaled the end of several centuries of tension and conflict between the crown and parliament, and the end of the idea that England would be restored to Roman Catholicism

Declaration of Rights

• reasserted the fundamental principles of constitutional monarchy as they had developed over the previous half a century
• specifically, it affirmed the fight of parliament, not king, to makes laws and levy taxes
• helped fashion a system of gov't based on the rule of law and freely elected parliament, thus laying the foundation for a constitutional monarchy

Toleration Act

• granted puritan dissenters the right of free public worship, although it did not mean complete religious freedom and equality
• marked an important departure in English history, for few ppl would ever again be persecuted for religious reasons

Gobi Desert

One of the worlds largest deserts, covers part of China and present-day Mongolia

Himalaya Mountains

mountain range in South Asia that includes Mount Everest, the world's tallest mountain peak.

Tianshan Mountains

"Mountains of Heaven" - large system of mountain ranges located in Central Asia

Yellow River

large river in northern China, where Chinese civilization developed

Long (Yangzi River)

the longest river of Asia, flows eastward from Tibet into the East China Sea near Shanghai

bureaucracy

administration of gov't chiefly through bureaus or departments staffed w nonelected or appointed officials // a type of human society characterized by the existence and dominance by such a bureaucracy

Yang-Shao culture

• dates from 5000 BC along the Yellow River
• characterized by painted pottery
• typical Neolithic man of North China was a farmer, producing millets

Hemudu culture

• dates from 5000 BC
• demonstrates that Chinese civilization has several birthplaces

Xia Dynasty

legendary dynasty, 2200-1776 BC (existence has not been verified)

Shang Dynasty

1776-1122 BC, first confirmed historical dynasty in Chinese history

oracle bones

animal bones or turtle shells used for divination

• they tell us about the Shang King's daily activities and concerns
• the inscriptions on them provide us w/ the evidence of the foundation of Chinese language
• the inscriptions on them provide independent confirmation of the historical existence of Shang dynasty

Zhou Dynasty

1122-221 BC, overthrew the Shang dynasty via the "Mandate of Heaven", their rule introduced new schools of thought

centralize

to bring under a single, central authority, refers to process of bringing administrative power under a single, central, and typically imperial authority

decentralize

distribution of administrative functions/powers of a central authority among different gov'tal organizations as well as different local authorities

fenfengzhi

feudal political and social order of Chinese society during Early Zhou Dynasty, which decentralized public authority and responsibility rather than vest them in the central gov't

Mandate of Heaven

Zhou rulers formulated this theory to justify their overthrow of the Shang Dynasty

• heaven refers to an impersonal law of nature or the force of cosmos
• heaven is responsible for maintaining order in the cosmos
• according to this theory, Heaven took its mandate away from the Shang ruler and granted it to the ruler of the Zhou Dynasty

Warring States Period

500-221 BC

• outcome of this intellectual response to the sustained systemic crisis of Chinese society and corresponding chaos and disorder was the emergence of new schools of thought developed by the creative minorities during defining moment in world history

defining moment

period b/w 500 BC and 500 CE when major civilizations developed their defining or distinguishing characteristics

creative minorities

political, intellectual, religious leaders/thinkers who helped shape and define their civilizations during defining moment

Confucius

551-479 BC

• China's first professional teacher
• developed the first school of thought

Confucianism

combination of sociopolitical philosophy and ethical-moral religion

• wanted to establish an ideal society based on well-defined social hierarchy and a code of moral conduct
• placed special emphasis on the role of ruler
• gov't is fundamentally a matter of ethics
• concerned w/ the education of individuals, desiring to produce noble men, in the sense of cultivated men

Mencius

(370-300) first important successor to Confucius

• contributed to Confucianism the belief that human nature is potentially good
• revised theory of Mandate of Heaven

Mencius's Mandate of Heaven

Mencius revised the theory that the Mandate manifested itself only through the acceptance of a ruler by his people

• this redefinition made welfare of the ppl the ultimate standard for judging gov't

Han Feizi

(280-233 BC), greatest synthesizer of legalist teachings

legalism

taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws
core elements:

• power of ruler
• techniques of control
• comprehensive draconian law