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A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering structures, pathogens, diseases, virulence factors, and treatments discussed in the lecture on urinary and genital system microbiology.
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Kidney
One of two organs that filter blood, form urine, and are part of the urinary system.
Ureter
Tube that carries urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder.
Urinary Bladder
Muscular sac that stores urine before elimination.
Urethra
Canal that conveys urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body.
Lactobacilli
Predominant vaginal microbiota that produce lactic acid and H₂O₂; growth promoted by estrogen.
Candida albicans
Yeast that is part of normal flora; overgrowth causes candidiasis (vaginal yeast infection).
Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra.
Cystitis
Inflammation of the urinary bladder, commonly caused by Escherichia coli.
Ureteritis
Infection of the ureters.
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of one or both kidneys; 75 % of cases caused by E. coli.
P-fimbriae
Adhesive virulence factor of uropathogenic E. coli that promotes kidney infection.
Leptospira interrogans
Obligate aerobic spirochete that causes leptospirosis.
Leptospirosis
Zoonotic disease transmitted via water contaminated with animal urine; can lead to Weil’s disease or pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome.
Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)
Infection transmitted via sexual contact; often asymptomatic; >30 known pathogens.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gram-negative diplococcus that causes gonorrhea.
Gonorrhea
STI characterized by purulent discharge and painful urination; treated with ceftriaxone.
Opa Protein
Surface protein of N. gonorrhoeae that aids in adherence and immune evasion.
IgA Protease
Enzyme produced by N. gonorrhoeae that destroys IgA antibodies.
Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)
Urethral inflammation not caused by gonococcus; commonly due to Chlamydia trachomatis or Mycoplasma genitalium.
Chlamydia trachomatis
Obligate intracellular bacterium lacking ATP synthesis; major cause of NGU, PID, and LGV.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Extensive infection of female pelvic organs, usually due to N. gonorrhoeae and/or C. trachomatis.
Salpingitis
Infection and inflammation of the uterine (fallopian) tubes.
Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
Tropical STI caused by C. trachomatis; infects lymphatic tissue and treated with doxycycline.
Treponema pallidum
Gram-negative spirochete responsible for syphilis.
Syphilis
Multi-stage STI (primary chancre, secondary rash, latent, tertiary gummas) caused by T. pallidum.
Chancre
Painless ulcer at infection site of primary syphilis.
Gumma
Soft, tumor-like lesion seen in tertiary syphilis.
Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2)
Enveloped DNA virus causing genital herpes.
Genital Herpes
Recurring STI characterized by painful genital vesicles; treated symptomatically with antivirals like acyclovir.
Neonatal Herpes
Severe HSV infection acquired in utero or during birth; high mortality and morbidity.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
DNA virus causing genital warts (types 6, 11) and cervical cancer (types 16, 18, etc.).
Genital Warts
HPV-induced papillomas on genital skin or mucosa; prevented with nine-valent HPV vaccine.
E6 and E7 Oncoproteins
HPV proteins that inactivate p53 and Rb tumor suppressors, promoting cervical cancer.
Gardnerella vaginalis
Pleomorphic, gram-variable rod causing bacterial vaginosis.
Bacterial Vaginosis
Vaginal condition marked by elevated pH, foul gray discharge, and clue cells; treated with metronidazole.
Vaginolysin
Pore-forming toxin and virulence factor of G. vaginalis.
Candidiasis
Fungal infection of the vagina by C. albicans producing thick white discharge; treated with azole antifungals.
Trichomonas vaginalis
Flagellated protozoan causing trichomoniasis when vaginal pH rises.
Trichomoniasis
STI with greenish-yellow frothy discharge and irritation; treated with metronidazole.
Nitrofurantoin
Antibiotic commonly used to treat uncomplicated cystitis.
Leukocyte Esterase (LE) Test
Urine test detecting white blood cell enzyme; positive result supports pyelonephritis diagnosis.