Joints and Ranges of Motion

Fibrous joint

bones joined by collagen fibers of connective tissue

Fibrous suture joint

found only between bones of skull

Fibrous syndesmosis joint

junction of bones held together by ligaments

Fibrous gomphosis joint

tooth attached to socket with periodontal ligament

Cartilaginous joint

bones joined by cartilage

Cartilaginous synchondrosis joint

joints of hyaline cartilage between the shaft and the epiphyseal plates of
growing long bones

Cartilaginous symphysis joint

bones are joined by fibrocartilage

Synovial joint

articulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled cavity

Synarthrosis joint

immovable joint

Amphiarthrosis joint

slightly movable joint

Diarthrosis joint

freely movable joint (synovial joint)

Flexion

decrease in angle between two bones and typically bends the body part

Extension

increase in angle between two bones and typically straightens a body part

Abduction

movement of a limb away from the midline

Circumduction

movement of the distal end of the limb in a circle

Rotation

turning of a bone around its own axis

Lateral rotation

limb turns away from the medial plane of the body

Medial rotation

limb turns towards the medial plane of the body

Pronation

turning forwards

Supination

turning backwards

Dorsiflexion

lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin

Plantarflexion

depressing or pointing the foot

Protraction

anterior or forward movement

Retraction

posterior or backwards movement

Periosteum

double layer connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone

Diaphysis

elongated shaft of a long bone

Epiphysis

end of a long bone, attached to the shaft

Epiphyseal plate

plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides for growth in length of a long bone

Articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage covering bone ends at movable joints

Meniscus (articular discs)

padlike cartilage in knee joint

Joint cavity

the fluid filled space found between the articulating joint; unique to synovial joints

Synovial fluid

fluid secreted by the synovial membrane; lubricates joint surfaces and nourishes articular cartilages