the state of having plentiful wealth including the possession of money, goods, or property
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age structure
a description of how many individuals fit into particular age categories in a population
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age structure diagram
a visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country, typically expressed for males and females
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carrying capacity (K)
the limit of how many individuals in a population the environment can sustain
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child mortality rate
the number of deaths of children < age 5 per 1000 live births
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commensalism
a relationship between species in which 1 species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped
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community
all of the population of organisms within a given area
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community ecology
the study of interactions between species
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competition
the struggle of individuals to obtain a shared limiting resource
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competitive exclusion principle
the principle stating that 2 species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist
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corridor
strips of natural habitat that connect populations
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crude birth rate (CBR)
the number of births per 1000 individuals per year
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crude death rate (CDR)
the number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year
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demographer
a scientist in the field of demography who studies human populations and population trends
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demography
the study of human populations and population trends
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density-dependent factor
a factor that influences an individual's probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population
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density-independent factor
a factor that has the same effect on an individual's probability of survival and the amount of reproduction at any population size
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developed country
a country with relatively high levels of industrialization and income
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developing country
a country with relatively low levels of industrialization and income
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die-off
a rapid decline in population due to death
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doubling time
the number of years it takes a population to double DT = 70 / r
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ecological succession
the predictable replacement of 1 group of species by another over time
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ecosystem engineer
a keystone species that creates/maintains habitat for other species
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emigration
the movement of organisms out of a country/region
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exponential growth model
a growth model that estimates a population's future size after a period of time, based on the intrinsic growth rate and the number of reproducing individuals currently in the population
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family planning
the practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control
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gross domestic product (GDP)
a measure of the value of all products and services produced in 1 country in 1 year
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immigration
the movement of organisms into a country/region from another country/region
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inbreeding depression
when individuals with similar genotypes—typically relatives—breed with each other and produce offspring that have an impaired ability to survive and reproduce
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infant mortality rate
the number of deaths of infants < age 1 per 1000 live births
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intrinsic growth rate (r)
the maximum potential for growth of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources
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IPAT equation
an equation used to estimate the impact of the human lifestyle on the environment
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j-shaped curve
the curve of the exponential growth model when graphed
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k-selected species
a species with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches carrying capacity
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keystone species
a species that plays a far more important role in its community than its relative abundance might suggest
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life expectancy
the average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate in that country
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limiting resource
a resource that a population cannot live without and that occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size
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logistic growth model
a growth model that describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment
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metapopulation
a group of spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of species
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mutualism
an interaction between 2 species that increases the chances of survival/reproduction for both species
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net migration rate
the difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1000 people in a country
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overshoot
when a population becomes larger than the environment's carrying capacity
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parasitism
an interaction in which 1 organism lives on/in another
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parasitoid
a specialized type of predator that lays eggs inside other organisms—referred to as its host
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pathogen
parasite that causes disease in their host
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pioneer species
a species that can colonize new areas rapidly and grow well in full sunshine
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population
the individuals that belong to the same species and live in a given area at a given time
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population density
the number of individuals per unit area at a given time
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population distribution
a description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another
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population ecology
the study of factors that cause populations to increase/decrease
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population growth model
mathematical equations that can be used to predict population size at any moment in time
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population growth rate
the number of offspring an individual can produce in a given time period, minus the deaths of the individual/its offspring during the same time period
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population momentum
continued population growth after growth reduction measures have been implemented
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population pyramid
an age structure diagram that is widest at the bottom and smallest at the top, typical of developing countries
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population size (N)
the total number of individuals within a defined area at a given time
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predation
an interaction in which 1 animal typically kills and consumes another animal
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primary succession
ecological succession occurring on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil
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r-selected species
a species that has a high intrinsic growth rate, which often leads to population overshoots and die-offs
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replacement-level fertility
the total fertility rate (TFR) required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size
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resource partitioning
when 2 species divide a resource based on differences in their behavior/morphology
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s-shaped curve
the shape of the logistic growth model when graphed
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secondary succession
the succession of plant life that occurs in areas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil
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sex ratio
the ratio of males to females in a population
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survivorship curve
a graph that represents the distinct patterns of species survival as a function of age
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symbiotic relationship
the relationship between 2 species that live in close association with each other
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theory of demographic transition
the theory that as a country moves from a subsistence country to industrialization and increased affluence, it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth
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theory of island biogeography
a theory that demonstrates the dual importance of habitat size and distance in determining species richness
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total fertility rate (TFR)
an estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years
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type I survivorship curve
a pattern of survival over time in which there is high survival throughout most of the life span, but then individuals start to die in large numbers as they approach old age
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type II survivorship curve
a pattern of survival over time in which there is a relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout most of the life span
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type III survivorship curve
a pattern of survival over time in which there is low survival throughout most of the life span and high levels of mortality early in life, with few making it to adulthood and fewer to old age
Studied by 20 people
