Tissues are?
a group of cells that work together to fucntion
Tissues in combination form?
organs like the heart or lives
Organs can be grouped into how many organ systems?
11
Four types of tissues are?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, neural
Epithelial Tissue does what?
Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, forms glands
Connective Tissue does what?
Fills internal spaces, transports materials, stores energy
Muscle Tissue does what?
Specialized for contraction, skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and walls of hollow organs
Neural Tissue does what?
Carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another (responds to stimulli
Epithelia Tissue:
Layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces
Glands:
Structures that produce secretions
Characteristics of Epithelia
Cellularity (1 cell next to another)
Polarity (apical and basal surfaces)
Attachment (basement membrane or basal lamina)
Avascularity
Regeneration (scratches)
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
Provide physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialized secretions
Classes of Epithelia base on shape:
squamous epithelia
cuboidal epithelia
columnar epithelia
Squamous Epithelia:
thin and flat
Cuboidal Epithelia:
square shaped
Columnar Epithelia:
tall, slender rectangles
Classes of Epithelia based on layers:
Simple epithelium
Stratified epithelium
Simple epithelium:
Single layer of cell
Stratified epithelium
Several layers
Where can Simple Squamous Epithelia be found?
lungs, blood vessels, heart, cornea
In Squamous Epithelium… what is Mesothelium?
Lines the body cavities
In Squamous Epithelium…what is Edothelium?
lines heart and blood vessels
What are some functions of simple squamous epithelium?
reduces friction, controls vessel permeability, performs absorption and secretion
What are some functions of Stratified Squamous Epithelium?
provides physical protection against abrasion, water resistant
Where can Stratified Squamous Epithelium be found?
surface of skin, lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina
What are some functions of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?
limited protection, secretion, absorption
Where can Simple Cuboidal Epithelium be found?
Glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubules, and thyroid
What are some functions of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium?
Protection, secretion, and absorption
Where can Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium be found
Lining of some ducts (rare)
What are some functions of Transitional Epithelium?
Tolerates repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling and returns to its previous shape without damage.
Appearance changes as stretching occurs.
Situated in regions of the urinary system
Where can Transitional Epithelium be found?
Urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters
What are some functions of Simple Columnar Epithelium?
Protection, secretion, absorbtion
Where can Simple Columnar Epithelium be found?
lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of kidneys
What are some functions of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Movement comes from cillia, protection, and secretion
Where can Pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?
Lining of nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi, and portions of male reproductive tract
What are some functions of Stratified Columnar Epithelium?
Protection
Where can Stratified Columnar Epithelium be found?
Small areas of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary gland ducts, and urethra
Functions of Connective Tissues:
Establishing a structural framework for the body.
Transporting fluids and dissolved materials.
Protecting delicate organs.
Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissue.
Storing energy reserves, especially in the form of triglycerides.
Defending the body from invading microorganisms.
Characteristics of Embryonic Connective Tissue:
Not found in adults
Where is Embryonic Connective Tissue found?
Umbilical cord of a fetus
What is Mucous Connective Tissue?
Loose embryonic connective tissue
What is Mesenchyme Tissue?
The first connective Tissue in embryos
What is Loose Connective Tissue?
The packing materials of the body
What are the three types of Loose Connective Tissue?
Areolar
Adipose
Recticular
Characteristics of Areolar Tissue:
Least specialized.
Open framework.
Viscous ground substance.
Elastic fibers.
Holds blood vessels and capillary beds.
(found under skin).
Characteristics of Adipose Tissue:
Contains many adipocytes (fat cells)
Provides padding and cushion
Where can you find Adipose Tissue:
Deep to the skin, especially in sides, buttocks, breasts, and padding around eyes and kidneys
What are two types of Adipose Tissue?
White fat
Brown fat
Characteristics of White fat:
Avascular.
Most common.
Stores fat.
Absorbs shocks
Slows heat loss.
Protection.
Characteristics of Brown fat:
More Vascularized.
Adipocytes have many Mitochondria.
When stimulated by the nervous system, fat breakdown accelerates releasing energy.
Absorbs energy from surrounding tissues.
Characteristics of Adipose cells:
Adipocytes in adults do not divide.
Expand to store fat.
Shirnk as fats are leased
Characteristics of Reticular Tissue:
Provides support.
Framework
Supportive fibers (stroma)
The Reticular Organs are?
Spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
What is Dense Connective tissue
Connective tissue, tightly packed with high numbers of collagen or elastic fibers
What are some types of Dense Connective tissue?
Dense regular connective tissue.
Dense irregular connective tissue.
Elastic tissue
Functions of Dense Regular Connective Tissue:
Provides form attachment.
Conducts pull of muscles.
Reduces friction between muscles.
Stabilizes relative positions of bones.
Where is Dense Regular Connective Tissue found?
Between skeletal muscles and skeleton (tendons and aponeuroses); between bones or stabilizing positions or internal organs (ligaments covering skeletal muscles).
Functions of Elastic Tissue:
Stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis; cushions shocks; permits expansion and contraction of organs
What is a Fluid Connective Tissue?
Watery matrix of dissolved proteins
Carry specific cell types
Blood and Lymph
What are three types of Cartilage?
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Where is Hyaline Cartilage found?
Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints; su
Functions of Hyaline Cartilage:
somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between boney surfaces
Where is Elastic Cartilage found?
auricle of external ear; epiglottis; auditory canal
Functions of Fibrocartilage:
Prevents bone to bone contact and limits movement
Where can Fibrocartilage be found?
Pads within knee joint, pelvic bones
What is Bone or Osseous Tissue?
strong (calcified calcium salt deposits)
Resists shattering (flexible collagen fibers)
What is Bone cells or Osteocytes?
Arranged around central canals within matrix
small channels through matrix access blood supply
What is Periosteum?
Covers bone surfaces
Fiberous layer
Cellular layer
Function of Muscle Tissue:
specialized for contraction
produces all body movement
What are the three Muscle Tissues?
Skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue
What is Skeletal Muscle Tissue?
Large body muscles responsible for movement
What is Cardiac Muscle Tissue?
Found only in the heart
What is Smooth Muscle Tissue?
Found in walls of hollow, contracting organs (blood vessels; urinary bladder; respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts)
What is a Striated Muscle Cell?
A muscle cell with a banded appearance
What is a Nonstraited Muscle Cell?
A non banded; smooth
What are some characteristics of Muscle Cells?
Muscle cells can have a single nucleus
Muscle cells can be multinucleate
Muscle cells can be controlled voluntarily (consciously)
Muscle cells can be controlled involuntarily (autonatically)
What are some Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Cells?
Long and thin
Usually called Muscle Fibers
Do not divide
New fibers are produced by stem cells
What are some characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Cells?
Form branching networks connected at intercalated discs
(regulated by pacemaker cells)
Usually with a single nucleus
What are some characteristics of Smooth Muscle Cells?
Small and tapered
Can divide and regenerate
Moves food and urine
Where is Smooth Muscle Tissue found?
Found in the walls of blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs
Characteristics of Neural Tissue?
(Also called nervous or nerve tissue)
Specialized for conducting electrical impulses.
Rapidly sense internal or external environment.
Processes information and controls responses.
Where is the Neural Tissue concentrated?
In the central nervous system
Brain and Spinal Cord
What are the two types of Neural Cells?
Neurons and Neuroglia
(supports eachother)
What are Neurons Cells?
Nerve cells; they perform electrical communication
What are Neuroglia Cells?
Supporting cells
Repair and supply Nutrients to neurons
What are the three cell parts of a Neuron?
Cell body, Dendrites, and the Axon
In the Cell Body of a Neuron what does it do?
Contains nucleus and nucleolus; communicates
In the Dendrites of a Neuron what does it do?
Short branches extending from the cell body; Receive incoming signals
In the Axon of a Neuron what does it do?
Long, thin extension of the cell body; carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination.