Livestock Anesthesia (not done)

What are some problems with restraint of livestock?

Handling cattle and other large animals can cause injury or death

What are some problems with livestock anesthesia?

Restraint

Catheterization

Endotracheal intubation

Monitoring

Recovery

What are some pros of local anesthesia only?

Less impairment of cardiopulmonary function

What are some cons of general anesthesia?

Recumbency increases risk

What are some considerations for positioning adult cattle in recumbency?

Position head and poll so saliva and regurgitant material drains out of mouth

If lateral pad under head-neck junction so mouth is below larynx

If dorsal recommend intubation as head is difficult to position

What can you do to prevent the complications of aspiration?

Have suction available

What is the #1 problem in ruminant anesthesia?

Regurg and aspiration

How long should you fast a ruminant for?

24-48 hours for large ruminants

12 hours for small ruminants

How long should you withhold water for in ruminants?

12-24 hours if large

8 hours if small

Do not withhold food and water for neonates

What is the head position to prevent aspiration in ruminants?

Sternal until intubated and inflated

How do you intubate large cattle?

Digitally using a endotrach tube with flexible guide

How are laryngoscopes specialized for sm. ruminants and swine?

Elevated at the end to push the soft palate up

What can you use to help intubate calves, sheep, and goats?

Lidocaine spray, guide tube, and ET tube

What sedatives can be used in cattle?

Ace

Xylazine

Butorphanol

Midazolam

Low dose ketamine for standing restraint

What sedative are cattle very susceptible to?

Alpha 2s especially xylazine

What is a ketamine stun technique?

Dose to provide quieting and control that can be given prior to regional nerve blocks

Can be SQ or IM administration

How do you reverse alpha 2s?

Yohimbine, tolazoline, atipamezole but reduce the dose to fit circumstances

T/F you should reverse alpha 2s in ruminants?

True

How can you reduce oral secretions in ruminants?

Atropine (anticholinergic), but rare at KSU

How do we induce livestock?

Guaifenesin to effect followed by a bolus of ketamine

Alternative: mix ket and guaifenesin and sedate with midazolam then IV ket

How do you maintain anesthesia in cattle?

GKX with guaifenesin, ketamine, and 100 mg xylazine (2mL/kg/hr)

How can you maintain with inhalation?

Iso or sevo but there will by hypoventilation and will probably need a ventilator

How do you measure depth in cattle?

Eye signs similar to dogs (ventromedial eyes is good)

What happens to BP while ruminants are under GA?

The are pretty normotensive

What sedative should not be used in sheep?

Xylazine bc causes pulmonary edema

What sedatives can we use in small ruminants?

Many similar to small animals

Xylazine, ace, MIDAZOLAM, butorphanol, hydro, buprenorphine

How do you induce small ruminants?

Ket mixed with 5% guaifenesin IV to effect

Parenteral IV induction after premed with ket and midazolam or propofol

Mask induction

How do you monitor anesthesia in ruminants?

Increased HR usually

Shallow breathing

Tachypnea common

Pulse ox

Eye signs like dogs

Full instrumentation in complex cases

How do you recover livestock?

Recover on bedding in stall guarding tube end

Sternal position (reduces aspiration)

Elevate head on overturned rubber water tub or similar support

Deflate ET tube cuff and extubate when able to swallow and keep head elevated

What should you do when catheterizing livestock?

Insure there is access to it and that it is functional

How do we attach ECG clips to livestock?

Insert stainless steel wire

What are some swine anesthesia considerations?

Restraint may be a problem

Venous access is limited

ET intubation is difficult

Monitoring anesthetic depth is a challenge

Noisy

What sedatives can you use in pigs?

Acepromazine, midazolam, xylazine, butorphanol, buprenorphine, hydromorphone, dexmed

What sedatives are pigs resistant to?

Xylazine

What sedative is very good for pot bellied pigs?

Midazolam to give great sedation and restraint

What is the best injection site for pigs?

Spot on neck just behind ear bin in front of should or loin

What can you use to make injections in pigs easier?

Butterfly needle with flexible tubing or flexible arterial line tubing with 1.5 inch needle

What can you do to distract pigs while giving injections?

Sports drinks in bottles or marshmallows on floor

Scratch back with fork

If you want to mask down a pig what do you have to do?

Cover the nose, they are obligate nasal breathers

Why is intubation hard in pigs?

They have a sharp angle making intubation difficult

What can you do to help with intubating pigs?

Use appropriate laryngoscope and flexible guide tubes or stylets to assist in guiding ET tube

Keep ET tube in dorsal aspect of larynx

Displace soft palate from larynx to get better visualization

What do you need to do if you displace the soft palate of a pig to intubate?

Put it back after the procedure

How can you maintain anesthesia in pigs?

Masks if positive pressure ventilation is not required

how do we monitor swine ansethesia?

Heart rate via ECG

Respiratory rate and character

Doppler BP on tail

T/F monitoring pigs can be as complex as dogs and cats depending on available equipment?

True

How do pigs recover?

Wake up calm

Replace palate under epiglottis as needed

Reverse as appropraite